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《明初军额考》

　　　　　The arm number at the beginning of Ming dynasty discusses with Mr. Huang Miantang Concurrently
作　　者：张松梅
　　　　　张松梅(1979—) ,女,山东菏泽人,南开大学历史学院博士研究生。
出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》 2006年02期
发表时间：2006-02-01
分 类 号：K248.1
文　　摘：
明代军队分京营、边兵、外卫三种,其军额变化情况是一个尚待深入研究的问题.明初北边官兵约有69万,而<万历明会典>有关明初军数"原额"的记载只有大同一镇比较符合史实.京营方面,洪武朝"居重驭轻"之制根本没有得到贯彻,永乐时期才是真正的实施阶段,而且不久便趋于衰落.

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=qlxk200602010
关 键 词：明初 京营 边兵 外卫 军数
正　　文：


明初军额考
　　明朝的军数,是明廷军事机密,鲜为人知,加之现存史料中记载的军额数据所指代的对象并不一致,给研究带来很大的不便。要了解明初军额的变化情况,既要弄清卫所、边镇的建置时间,又要对史籍“原额”记载数据进行考证,是一个尚待深入 ……
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参考文献：

参考文献:
[1] 黄训. 皇明名臣经济录[M] . 明嘉靖刊本.
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[4] 明太祖实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[5] 黄冕堂. 论明代的京营[J ] . 史学集刊,1992, (3) .
[6] 明世宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[7] 明熹宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[8] 赵现海. 明代九边军镇体制研究[M] . 东北师大博士学位论文,2005.
[9] 章潢. 图书编[M] . 上海:上海古籍出版社,1992.
[10] 梁淼泰. 明代“九边”的军数[J ] . 中国史研究,1997, (1) .
[11] 顾炎武. 天下郡国利病书[M] . 上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2002.
[12] 罗洪先,胡松. 广舆图[M] . 北京图书馆藏. 明嘉靖刻本.
[13] 明宪宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[14] 方孔火召.全边略记[M] . 台北:国立中央图书馆,1981.
[15] 明孝宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[16] 明神宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[17] 明太宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[18] 李时勉,等. 明宣宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[19] 魏焕. 九边考[M] . 国立北平图书馆影印. 明嘉靖刻本.
[20] 宁夏新志[M] . 天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编. 据明嘉靖刻本影印.
[21] 查继佐. 罪惟录[M] . 上海:上海书店出版社,1985.
[22] 张金奎. 明代山西行都司卫所、军额、军饷考实[J ] . 大同职业技术学院学报,2000, (9) .
[23] 叶盛. 水东日记[M] . 北京:中华书局,1980.
[24] 明武宗实录[M] . 台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1962.
[25] 余继登. 典故纪闻[M] . 北京:中华书局,1981.
[26] 茅元仪. 武备志[M] . 台北:华世出版社,1984.
[27] 孙承泽. 春明梦余录[M] . 上海:上海古籍出版社,1993.
[28] 王圻. 续文献通考[M] . 上海:上海古籍出版社,1988.
[29] 张天复. 皇舆考[M] . 台北:国立中央图书馆,1984.
[30] 四川通志[M] . 成都:巴蜀书社,1984.
[31] 曾国荃,郭嵩焘,等. 湖南通志[M] . 上海:上海古籍出版社,1988.
[32] 孙葆田,法伟堂,等. 山东通志[M] . 上海:上海古籍出版社,1988.
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PCT should begin two weeks after the tip of the cycle, and Clomid must be used for 3 weeks at 50mg
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Users who don’t respond properly to Trenbolone will often flip to Deca instead,
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Dianabol has the capacity to add 25–30 kilos of lean mass
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The latter have been shown to be much less toxic compounds and higher tolerated by novices.

B-AET helps with fats loss by inhibiting cortisol
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Users typically discover significant fat reduction, especially
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perform, prevents muscle loss throughout calorie
restriction, and has anti-inflammatory properties. The greatest way to confirm the quality of AAS and steroids bodybuilding is thru third-party lab testing.
Reputable sellers often provide lab reports or certificates of study that verify the purity and efficiency
of their products. Additionally, excessive doses of testosterone, Dianabol, and Trestolone
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One frequent misconception is that Nandrolone and Dianabol alone can assure significant muscle features without sufficient training and vitamin. While these
steroids can enhance outcomes when used appropriately, they aren't an alternative choice to exhausting work and a proper training routine.

Additionally, it's essential to understand that Deca and Dbol aren't magic drugs, and their use ought to be approached with caution and accountable decision-making.

Your Deca-Durabolin positive aspects will generally come on slower than many different steroids.
Your Deca-Durabolin outcomes will, of course, depend just as a
lot on the consequences of the steroid as
they may on your food regimen and training. If dimension gains are your primary
objective, you’ll need to eat to assist these gains.
Progesterone is also present in men and may cause main issues like an enlarged prostate and erectile dysfunction when levels
are too excessive. Seeing as how erectile dysfunction is not exactly a thrilling
proposition to most guys, increased progesterone is doubtless considered one of the worst Deca Durabolin unwanted effects.
One of the most important advantages of Deca
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It serves as a substitute for Anadrol for gaining energy and
muscle. HBulk helps enhance HGH levels which helps do away with extra fat and is more effective than testosterone for constructing muscle.
Extending the duration of a cycle or taking
very giant amounts of steroids can increase the depth and variety of unwanted effects.
In such cases, undergoing post-cycle therapy as quickly as attainable is vital.
Take 500 mg of Sustanon 250 with 400 mg of Deca per week
along with 30 mg of Dianabol per day to gain weight and muscle.
The intake of Deca should be restricted to eight weeks and Dianabol to
five, whereas the general cycle continues for ten weeks.


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