贾丽英：从居延汉简看汉代随军下层妇女生活 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《从居延汉简看汉代随军下层妇女生活》
　　　　　Life of low-class women in army of the Han Dynasty reflected in Juyan Han bamboo
作　　者：贾丽英
出　　处：石家庄师范专科学校学报 2004年01期
发表时间：2004-01-01
文　　摘：

居延,是汉代边塞苦寒之地.但作为随军戍卒家属,由于有官府较充足的食粮供给、较好的医疗保障等,和平时期,汉代随军下层妇女衣食无忧.她们的生活与汉代内地下层妇女有诸多相似,如一夫一妻制,早婚习俗等;同时作为边塞妇女,她们屯田、守卫城防,又从事着与内地妇女不同的劳作.

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=sjzsfzkxxxb200401012
关键词：居延汉简汉代下层妇女
正　　文：

关于汉代下层妇女生活，正史中记载很少。而上个世纪出土的居延汉简中有部分是记录屯戍吏卒家属情况的，本文试根据《居延汉简释文合校》和《居延新简》所录释文，对汉代居延地区下层妇女生活予以考察①。
一一夫一妻制
在居延汉简中载有屯戍吏卒家庭人口 ……

您需要在登录后才能查看全文内容，请您点此登录或者进行新用户注册...>>

简单注册后，即能免费阅读1000多篇长城相关的论文，欢迎您注册为长城小站的用户，参与我们的交流！

参考文献：

1《后汉书》卷2《明帝纪》M.北京：中华书局，1965.
26《后汉书》卷3《章帝纪》M.
3彭卫杨振红.中国风俗通史M.上海：上海文艺出版社，2002.311.
4《汉书》卷2《惠帝纪》M.北京：中华书局，1962.
5《汉书》卷1《高帝纪》M.
7彭卫.汉代婚姻形态M.西安：三秦出版社，1988.
8《汉书》卷72《王吉传》M.
9《汉书》卷24上《晁错传》M.
10胡平生张德芳.敦煌悬泉汉简释粹M.上海：上海古籍出版社，2001.
11李振宏.汉代居延屯戍吏卒的医疗卫生状况J.中原文物，1999，.
12《后汉书》卷89《南匈奴列传》M.
13《史记》卷112《主父偃列传》M.北京：中华书局，1982.
①本文所用居延汉简如没有特殊注明，凡简号为数字者，均出自《居延汉简释文合校》；凡简号以英文字母打头者，均出自《居延新简》。
②凡出谷小石十五石为大石九石。148.15
③此处的米应泛指粮食，即原粮。这是李固为反对征伐日南而估计的军粮。

本文由志愿者：【火箭人 】收集整理上线。
[ 返回 ]

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Jonathon (2025-11-04 01:11:16)

Heya i'm for the first time here. I came across this board and I in finding It truly helpful & it helped me out a
lot. I'm hoping to give one thing again and aid others such as
you aided me.

Feel free to visit my web site - web site

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Issac (2025-11-04 01:03:21)

I am regular visitor, how are you everybody? This article posted at this web site page is in fact fastidious.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Chu (2025-11-04 00:53:09)

Right now it sounds like Wordpress is the best blogging platform available right now.
(from what I've read) Is that what you are using on your blog?

Also visit my web page; web site

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Kiara (2025-11-04 00:39:12)

Howdy! This is kind of off topic but I need some guidance from an established blog.
Is it very difficult to set up your own blog?
I'm not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick.
I'm thinking about making my own but I'm not sure where to start.

Do you have any ideas or suggestions? Thank you

Feel free to visit my web blog; web page

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Latesha (2025-11-03 22:13:32)

Recｅntly cazme аcross 雷电模拟器 and іt’ѕ honestly amazing.
Τһе ⅼatest LDPlayer download ѵersion makes runninng Android apps оn PC effortless.
Wһat stanjds ߋut most ɑbout 雷电
іѕ іtѕ ᥙѕеr-friendly interface.
Ι found еverything I neеded onn tһе 雷电模拟器官网, including setup tips and updates.

Yοu ϲan easily ցet tһе
neᴡеѕt νersion from thе 雷电模拟器下载 ѕection,
ԝhich ρrovides regular updates ɑnd smooth installation.
Ꮃhether үօu’ге a gamer օr developer, LDPlayer is ɑ solid emulator worth trying.
Ꭰօn’t forget tߋ check οut the
雷电下载 рage fоr thee latest
ѵersion аnd enhancements—it’ѕ oone of thｅ ƅеst Android emulators f᧐r PC!

Visit : https://www.ldmnql.com/

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Hilton (2025-11-03 21:18:36)

Feel free to visit my web blog: All Superlotto Games In One Place

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Jack (2025-11-03 20:14:43)

Recentⅼу camе across 雷电模拟器
and it’ѕ honestly incredibly fast.

Tһе ⅼatest LDPlayer download version makes running Android apps ᧐n PC effortless.
Ꮃһɑt stands ⲟut moset about 雷电 iѕ іtѕ lightweight design. Ι found еverything I needed ߋn tһе 雷电模拟器官网,
including setup tips ɑnd updates. Үⲟu ϲan esily ɡｅt tһе newestt νersion from thе
雷电模拟器下载 ѕection, ᴡhich ρrovides regular uldates аnd smooth installation. Ꮤhether y᧐u’ге ɑ gamer ߋr developer,
LDPlayer іѕ a solid emulatr worth trying.
Ɗоn’t forget tο check оut thｅ雷电下载 ρage
fоr tһe latest ｖersion and enhancements—іt’ѕ
οne of thee bｅѕt Android emulators
fߋr PC!
Visit : https//www.ldmnqr.com/

Also visit mү web ρage LDPlayer

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Shelly (2025-11-03 19:46:27)

I’ve reⅽently tried 雷电模拟器 ɑnd I must saay іt’s ɑn impressive Android emulators I’νе used.
Thhe ⅼatest LDPlayer download ѵersion performs faster thɑn mаny οthers І’ᴠе tested.
Wһat Ι lovve ɑbout 雷电 is its cleean interface аnd optimized design tһat makes gaming аnd productivity seamless.

Ι came across tһе official site 雷电模拟器官网 aand found detailed
setup guides thаt made installation super easy.

Ιf yyou haven’t tried iit ｙеt,
defnitely check tһе 雷电模拟器下载 ρage—it ⲟffers еverything
from updates tо performance tweaks.

Ꮃhether ｙⲟu’rе looking fօr a reliable emulator оr planning too LDPlayer fⲟr obile gaming, tһiѕ tool delivers ɑ great experience.
I’ɗ recommend іt fоr аnyone ᴡhо loves Android apps оn PC orr wants ɑ fast 雷电下载
option.
Visit : https://www.ldmnqc.com/

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Johnette (2025-11-03 15:14:03)

It's wonderful that you are getting thoughts from this piece of writing
as well as from our argument made here.

my web site Sex nguy hiểm

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Kathi (2025-11-03 08:20:11)

I am sure this piece of writing has touched all the internet people, its really really
nice piece of writing on building up new webpage.

my web-site; homepage

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Mikel (2025-11-03 05:21:40)

Wonderful items from you, man. I have be aware your stuff
previous to and you're just extremely wonderful.
I really like what you have bought here, really like
what you are stating and the way through which you say it.

You are making it entertaining and you continue to care for to stay
it wise. I cant wait to learn much more from you. This is really a wonderful website.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

?׀��??ӾԑӺ??� -- [未验证] Cristina (2025-11-03 00:23:20)

I every time spent my half an hour to read this website's articles or reviews every day along with a cup of coffee.

Look at my web blog - купить деревянную доску

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Tory (2025-11-02 07:45:37)

Way cool! Some very valid points! I appreciate you writing this article plus the rest of the site is very good.

✅ Learn English ɑnd make friends comfortably

MaltaEng.сom is recognised аѕ у᧐ur leading website tߋ securing first-class English instruction аt
IELS, a tοⲣ-ranked language establishment. Offering аn exceptional combination of outstanding education and discounted рrices,
MALTAENG.ᏟOM stands օut аѕ tһｅ preferred service f᧐r
English learners aiming tօ improve tһeir English
level іn ɑ vibrant Mediterranean environment.

Ꮃith MaltaEng (IELS Discount Outlet), prospective students ｃаn conveniently fіnd ɑnd secure а wide range ߋf English courses customised tо
fit all goals ɑnd plans. Ꮤhether уоu’ｒе hoping fօr ɡeneral language studies, intensive exam preparation such ɑs IELTS ⲟr Cambridge, օr focused
lessons like business English, MaltaEng makes аvailable access tߋ ɑll thеsｅ variants in οne
streamlined рlace. Тһiѕ all-inclusive offer secures that еᴠery student finds a programme
that іѕ suited fоr their plans.

IELS, renowned fоr itѕ fіrst-class education, employs skilled
teachers certified ѡith Cambridge CELTA and Trinity TESOL.
These skilled trainers offer stimulating lessons thаt drive quick progress.
MaltaEng facilitates үߋur access tߋ thｅsе ѡorld-class teaching services avoiding seeking trustworthy providers.
Ƭһe service guarantees transparent pricing ɑnd thе moѕt competitive
deals to ցet thе Ьеst рrice.

Вeyond course booking, MaltaEng enriches үօur ᧐verall study experience ƅʏ offering detailed іnformation аbout accommodations, ѕuch аѕ homestays аnd modern residences,
mɑking ѕure that students not оnly receive quality education Ƅut ɑlso have comfortable
living conditions Ԁuring their stay іn Malta.
The partnership Ьetween MaltaEng and IELS Malta secures tһat learners benefit fｒom competitive рrices ɑnd premium services incomparable ѡith ᧐ther providers.

Ultimately, MaltaEng ᧐ffers not ϳust сourse reservations, Ьut
а comprehensive support ѕystem fⲟr ʏߋur language gains.
Βｙ choosing MaltaEng, yⲟu unlock access to superior education, affordable ρrices, аnd tһе chance tⲟ
immerse yourself in Malta’s Mediterranean charm ѡhile advancing yߋur language mastery ԝith
confidence.

⭐ learning English in Malta — Malta language school,
english tuition

https://ethiofarmers.com/ese-compared-with-iels-malta-school/

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Kristian (2025-11-02 07:31:06)

what is anabolic

References:

www.generation-n.at

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Remona (2025-11-02 06:14:10)

how are anabolic steroids dangerous

References:

pattern-wiki.win

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Maura (2025-11-02 02:13:25)

Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate
your efforts and I will be waiting for your further post thank you
once again.

SocLeads.com harvests contact info from Google Maps like the might of a tornado, turning complex
data extraction into a seamless operation. The tool accurately extracts emails so no
lead goes ignored, mirroring the fierce power of
a cyclone. With its user-centered focus and cutting-edge
algorithms, SocLeads leads among software tools, like a storm
reshaping the landscape. For boosting your connections or maintaining your edge,
this tool delivers fast results, like a tornado clearing a path.
Investing time in SocLeads can dramatically improve your customer acquisition, revolutionizing your client acquisition process.

▶️ scraper google maps — google places
scraper, scraping Gmap

http://knowledge.thinkingstorm.com/UserProfile/tabid/57/userId/2271122/Default.aspx

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Yvonne (2025-11-01 14:52:27)

Opting for these pure supplements, which are designed to provide comparable advantages to anabolic steroids without their negative side effects,
will enhance your efficiency and physique. On the opposite hand, authorized steroid
alternate options are thought of safer options for these looking to improve their bodily performance and construct muscle mass.

They work by using pure components to stimulate the body's hormone production and metabolic
processes, thereby encouraging muscle development and
fat loss. Additionally, authorized steroid options are easily accessible,
as they are often purchased legally and not utilizing a
prescription. Hunter Test is a premium legal steroid designed for these who are looking
for an additional edge in constructing muscle mass and enhancing
general performance. Made from pure constituents, this highly effective complement provides a protected different
to synthetic anabolic steroids, eliminating the danger of dangerous side effects.
With its distinctive blend of potent ingredients,
Hunter Check aids in improving stamina, elevating testosterone levels,
and increasing lean muscle mass.
No website, regardless of its claims, can legally
promote you steroids for muscle growth for personal use in the Usa.
Choosing Domestic-Supply for anabolic steroids means having fun with unmatched
comfort, privacy, and access to top-tier merchandise.
We prioritize discreet packaging, fast shipping, and distinctive customer support that can help you obtain your health and bodybuilding objectives with confidence.
Finding a reliable supply for anabolic steroids in Australia could be challenging because of strict laws and the
prevalence of counterfeit merchandise.
We specialize in solely providing dependable and qualitative pharmacological preparations.
Bodybuilding is considered one of the hottest sports,
and for good purpose. It has the potential to alter lives, and enhance the well being of
an individual in so many ways. Bodybuilders often use anabolic steroids to realize their desires to be
a champion of their sport, and it might be a fantastic selection for them.

Many lovers have turned away from the notorious anabolic steroids because of
their opposed well being effects. Legal steroids have emerged as a preferred alternative,
offering a pure various to realize desired
outcomes without compromising health. TestoPrime is a extremely effective and all-natural legal
steroid supplement designed to boost testosterone ranges in males, making
it the proper choice for these seeking to achieve lean muscle mass and improve their
total vitality.
From product choice to supply, we’re here to provide professional guidance,
quick responses, and a seamless shopping experience.
We treat every buyer like a priority—because your outcomes and satisfaction matter.

If you want to have an ideal muscular body, high endurance, and robust muscular tissues, you need to solely ever use the very
best quality anabolics. Our online store not only sells a
extensive variety of sports medication, however
we also assure their efficacy. Mexico, with out query and many of the countries
listed above within the "what international locations are steroids legal" section allow selling.

A persistent pharmacological increase in blood
stress – similar to attributable to AAS use – can be speculated to have the inverse impact.
There does seem like a disconnect between self-reporting of
this side impact and visible examination by a physician. In the HAARLEM examine, the prevalence of self-reported zits increased from 10%
initially of a cycle to 52% at the end, whereas visible examination by a doctor confirmed
a smaller increase from 13% to 29% (39).
The discrepancy may be largely ascribed to AAS
users classifying a few pimples as acne.
The definition of SARMS meaning is Select Androgen receptor
modulators. Which means the compound binds to solely select androgen receptors, not all receptors in contrast to traditional steroids.

Buy US Home Steroids with Bitcoins.Only prime quality
prescribed drugs. Your moods and feelings are balanced by the limbic system of your mind.

Each order comes with free delivery and a lifetime money-back assure, plus
two free eBooks on tips on how to increase testosterone and
get one of the Dbol pill best practices outcomes using potential.
After a week of taking it, I began to expertise explosive vitality
and shorter recovery instances, making my exercises way more productive.
If you’re in search of an efficient approach to construct muscle, D-Aspartic Acid is
worth considering.
Unreliable Sources, while these sources are within the high 10 on the list,
they do not seem to be dependable and could be scamming
or selective scamming customers. It’s onerous to say, so we put them
on the backside of the list to be on the secure
side. You have most likely heard that steroids are dangerous or that it's not worth it.
In an 8-week cycle, for instance, a balanced approach entails four weeks of on-steroid adopted by four weeks of off-cycle.
Historically, the off-cycle length should be twice so
lengthy as the on-steroid phase. Dragon Pharma’s new 5 mg Finasteride tablets and 5 mg Hexarelin peptide vials are in stock and transport globally from the INT warehouse.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Jamal (2025-11-01 13:39:07)

Moreover, it is essential to know that anabolic steroids are additionally banned in aggressive sports activities.
Athletes found utilizing steroids can face fines, suspensions, or even everlasting bans from participating in sports.
We at JB Solicitors can advise on the legal implications and reporting procedures.

In Accordance to WADA, Anabolic Steroids are these medication,
which mimic and intervene with anabolic hormones in human beings.
In different words, Anabolic Steroids is a category of drugs that imitate different anabolic hormones
or are used to extend testosterone ranges in human beings,
legal steroids online australia. In conclusion, steroid use
is authorized in Victoria, Australia, but solely with a valid
prescription from a medical practitioner. Possession and use of
steroids with no prescription is unlawful and can lead
to severe legal consequences. Moreover, the usage of steroids can also have vital health risks, and it’s important for people to concentrate on these risks before
contemplating steroid use.
To maximize Anavar’s benefits and decrease potential side effects, it’s essential
to follow correct dosage and cycling tips.
Cycling Anavar correctly, normally for 6-8 weeks, helps keep away from adverse results and maintains its effectiveness.

Anavar is medically prescribed to deal with muscle wasting circumstances
attributable to extreme injuries, persistent infections, or ailments like HIV/AIDS.
Its ability to stop muscle degradation and promote restoration is well-documented in clinical settings.
Anavar reduces muscle harm and soreness after intense workouts,
speeding up restoration time.
This class consists of metrics similar to transportation infrastructure, accommodation high quality, and natural and cultural sights.

There are also articles masking tourism industry competitiveness, hospitality,
and sustainability. Victoria’s current harm-reduction initiative, the Steroid Schooling Project, lags far behind companies for alcohol
and other illicit medication in its funding and resources.
It offers face-to-face and over-the-phone counselling to steroid users, and delivers training
to needle and syringe program staff.
The penalties for illegally administering steroids varies for every Australian state and territory.
Androgenic steroids (e.g. testosterone) and SARMs are comparable in that
they interact with androgen receptors on the body’s cells to change
cell operate. They are completely different in that SARMs interact in one other way with the receptors on the body’s cells, so the way they change cell function differs from androgens.
Not only will you lose some of the adjustments to your appearance and efficiency, but you’ll additionally experience symptoms of low testosterone.

This may entail negotiating plea agreements that result in lowered expenses or penalties.
Defence attorneys put up a powerful battle for his or
her shoppers when a trial is necessary. They present evidence, cross-examine witnesses,
and make compelling arguments to reject the
prosecution’s case. The Australian Border Pressure routinely seizes imported steroids, and anybody caught making an attempt to deliver them in with out correct documentation faces costs and potential deportation if they’re not citizens.

Be Taught extra right here about the improvement and quality assurance of healthdirect content material.
Healthdirect Australia is a free service the place you probably
can discuss to a nurse or doctor who can help you realize what to do.

Please additionally note that these are maximum
penalties and aren't an indication of the actual sentence
likely to be acquired; if you want extra detailed recommendation, please speak to considered one of our legal
defence legal professionals. Although these offences within the DPCSA do not particularly define intention as a requirement for the prosecution to prove,
it has been presumed in common legislation (He Kaw Teh v The Queen).
This means that the prosecution is required to prove that the
accused meant to commit the offence—it is not enough that they occurred to do it without knowing
of the steroid’s existence. However, information of the steroid’s existence is adequate and can be used to deduce
intent (Bahri Kural v The Queen).
Trenorol is a authorized various to Trenbolone purchasing instructions 2022, and it helps you acquire muscle
whereas burning fats. Clenbutrol is a legal alternative to Clenbuterol,
and it is designed to enhance your stamina and endurance
whereas burning fat. Might sound stupid however individuals can get weight reduction drugs, hormone remedy,
cosmetic surgery, and so on all this stuff to feel more confident of their body however steroids
are illegal. Not being a wise ass or towards any of the opposite listed issues individuals do exactly curious.
Though particular information on Tasmania is restricted, steroid use is a growing concern across
Australia.
Anabolic steroids are classed as Schedule 1 medicine in Australia, which means that they're illegal to possess or distribute with no
prescription. This can make acquiring steroids difficult and costly, as black market costs are sometimes larger.
The drug is known for its capability to help build
muscle mass and improve strength. Australia is known for
its stringent anti-doping rules, and anabolic steroids are categorised as Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicines.
The Australian government treats the unauthorized use, possession, or importation of
anabolic steroids as a felony offense. Border management measures are particularly strict, with customs officers educated to
detect and confiscate smuggled steroids. Anavar is a synthetic by-product of testosterone that has been used to treat anemia
and other conditions for the reason that early Nineties.

However, the dramatic improve of steroids detected at the country’s borders, and the variety of customers accessing needle and syringe packages, appear to indicate otherwise.
Brilliant Futures FITNESS is your trusted destination for evidence-based well being, vitamin,
and fitness insights. We translate complicated analysis into practical, unbiased steering that works for
real individuals with actual lives.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Leonora (2025-11-01 12:30:02)

Turinabol (chlorodehydromethyltestosterone; 17, Figure 3) is a
4-chloro by-product of metandienone. It was developed for the remedy of
losing illnesses, especially for patients losing bone energy and
mass [40]. The time period "anabolic" refers again to the particular functionality of enhancing somatic tissue progress,
such as skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Common dosing methods are outlined in Table 1; folks taking AAS could
exceed these ranges in the pursuit of maximum muscle hypertrophy.

Many steroids developed early on had a excessive androgenic value and
an anabolic value of zero. These steroids could be categorized
as androgenic steroids, and they were by no means developed for
use commercially. The seminal vesicles and ventral prostate are tissues
that comprise excessive levels of androgen receptors and are overly sensitive to androgenic effects.

Nevertheless, including a methyl group or an ethyl group did not produce a drug with
the exact properties of the parent compound. The alteration of
hepatic metabolism was noted to trigger strain on the liver, and
certainly all oral compounds with this C-17 addition have been found to trigger dose-related hepatotoxicity.
This small change was also discovered Step-by-step guide to buying Anavar online decrease these agents' interaction with aromatase.

Other mechanisms embody (iii) an anticatabolic effect by interfering with glucocorticoid receptor
expression; and (iv) by non-genomic, in addition to
by genomic pathways, in the CNS leading to behavioural adjustments.
Underground chemists appear additionally to be accessing info concerning different steroids that had been synthesized a quantity of decades
in the past by pharmaceutical companies however have been by no
means marketed. Although the extent of this activity appears to be limited,
as screening procedures depend on targeting selecting ions for monitoring by
mass spectrometry, unknown steroids could escape detection. Transdermal formulations are invariably testosterone primarily based, legitimately
designed for replacement therapy, and embody
the ‘patch' and hydroalcoholic gels, to be utilized each day.

Moreover, performing new experimental studies primarily based
on the dosage of miRNAs involved in the management of lipid metabolism (such as MiR-122,
MiR-16, miR-33, miR-34, miR-103, miR-104, and miR-370), new instruments for a modern anti-doping struggle could be
obtained. Unlike natural testosterone, steroids can by-pass the hypothalamus and
cross through the membrane of the target cell.
They rapidly boost T levels by binding to androgen receptors located within the cytofluid of these cells and accelerate protein synthesis – this ends in extra muscle mass
than ‘normal’. Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera; Solanaceae) has lately obtained
consideration as a supplement that can increase muscle mass, energy,
and overall health. The ground root incorporates a quantity of ergostane
steroids termed withanolides, the most important one being withaferin A
(60, Figure 11).
Without the drug of their system, they could really feel drained and stressed, stop eating and sleeping, lose their intercourse drive, and crave the drug.

The average nonprescription dose of anabolic steroids is 10–100 occasions stronger than one
a health care provider would prescribe. This makes side effects
much more extreme if you use them with no prescription. Gentle
hirsutism occurs in round 1 out of 5 women given 150 mg testosterone enanthate each 4 weeks
and is reversible after cessation of use (223). Similarly,
in postmenopausal girls who previously underwent hysterectomy with or without
oophorectomy, 12.5 mg and 25 mg testosterone enanthate weekly for 24 weeks led
to a small increase in hirsutism (224). Lower dosages up to 6.25 mg weekly
didn't, suggesting a threshold for developing hirsutism in response to testosterone at a
dosage someplace between 6.25 and 12.5 mg weekly. Technological advances
have led to more sensitive measurements of cardiac construction and performance.

Testosterone (T) derivatives and their (semi-)synthetic analogues (so-called androgenic anabolic steroids—AAS) have been controversial for already fairly a while.
These substances have turn out to be the topic of abuse by skilled athletes, and at
present additionally by a significant number of novice athletes, to reinforce efficiency
(i.e., performance-enhancing drugs) and physique aesthetics.
Nevertheless, T and plenty of AAS have priceless and often irreplaceable pharmacological actions that are medicinally
helpful, although these compounds are at present
thought to be somewhat older generation medication.
B-catenin’s role as a coactivator of the AR causes a pressured overexpression of β-catenin to
reinforce AR-mediated transcription (22). This signaling by
way of the AR has also been noticed to interact with Notch signaling (22).
Conversely, the synthetic androgen analog Nandrolone
Decanoate (ND) has been noticed to scale back Notch exercise while growing Numb exercise, highlighting the discrepancies of androgens on target outcomes (22).
We are conscious of 4 placebo-controlled research in regular
volunteers using greater doses of AAS during which
psychological measures have been reported.
However, AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and
physique features, especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the
reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is taken into account a public health issue.
The goal of the proposed evaluation is to spotlight the most recent proof regarding the mechanisms of motion of AASs and their negative effects
on organs and lifestyle, as nicely as suggesting that AAS misuse
and abuse result in opposed effects in all physique tissues
and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms involved in AAS-related injury in the whole body.

Of the remaining 81 titles, fifty three titles were removed from
consideration because of lack of matter relevance or standing as a review, or
as a result of not meeting the stated inclusion criteria.
Twenty-eight titles met all inclusion standards; one extra title was added from a beforehand removed evaluation. A full summation of inclusion and exclusion standards
could also be present in Desk 2. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of AAS-induced violence and to explain why solely a subset of
AAS customers seems susceptible to these effects.
Professionals encountering AAS customers in medical
or forensic settings must be alert to the potential of AAS-induced violence or criminality, and may employ strategies to evaluate whether AAS are certainly a contributory factor in a given case.
Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use has turn into
a significant worldwide substance use dysfunction, affecting tens of hundreds of thousands of individuals.
Importantly, it is now more and more recognized that some individuals develop uncharacteristically violent or felony behaviors when using AAS.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�׀��捍ӾԑӺ杭� -- [未验证] Jamaal (2025-11-01 11:17:17)

These steroids would be categorized as androgenic steroids, and they had been never developed to be used commercially.

From my own expertise, I know that completely different individuals react differently to different drugs as a outcome of their biochemistry is totally different.

Suppose you realize about both the androgenic and estrogenic
qualities of a substance. In that case, you can also
make higher choices and study extra about the method it might affect you.
By understanding these things, yow will discover your means across the difficult world of anabolic steroids extra easily, ensuring that you use them safely and effectively in your distinctive
needs. The effects of anabolic steroids may be put into teams based mostly on whether or not they are androgenic or estrogenic.

These are naturally occurring hormones produced in the adrenal glands positioned
on high of your kidneys (33). Synthetic testosterone is also used to treat individuals with low
testosterone, which is known as testosterone replacement remedy (TRT).
Loss of muscle mass has been carefully linked to mortality in these diseases and stopping it might
possibly improve therapeutic outcomes and prolong lifespan (11, 12, 13,
14).
Even so, many of the research reviewed had a lack of enough management and standardization. Regardless Of the controversy
in the scientific community as to the effectiveness of anabolic
steroids as performance enhancers in men, male athletes and bodybuilders continued
to use them, knowing from their own experimentation that they had been efficient.
Then in 1996, Bhasin et al. (1996) in a really carefully designed research, proved beyond
doubt that therapy with testosterone in supraphysiological doses (600 mg i.m.
of testosterone enanthate for 10 weeks) will increase muscle dimension and strength, and that with train these effects
are augmented. The motion of anabolic steroid in rising skeletal muscle
mass and strength in ladies is not questioned.

Dromostanolone will increase the retention of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in elevated protein anabolism and a decrease in the catabolism of amino acids,
leading to an increase in the density and hardness of muscle.
These embody bone marrow stimulation in leukemia, aplastic anemia, kidney
disease, development failure, lack of urge for food, and lack of muscle mass in malignancy
and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Anabolic steroids are illegally
utilized by athletes in any respect levels in sports, similar to
bodybuilding, weightlifting, baseball, soccer, biking, wrestling, and many others, to enhance their performance.
As A Outcome Of testosterone impacts muscle growth, elevating its ranges in the blood might
help athletes enhance muscle dimension and strength, along with some other advantages corresponding to improved endurance.

Anabolic steroids may be taken in tablet type or
injected directly in to the muscle. Nearly one-third of folks that misuse anabolic steroids turn out to
be dependent on them. That means over time it begins to
take larger and more frequent doses to get the identical results.

The rescue of hypogonadism/andropause is usually accomplished via the
administration of exogenous testosterone or its pharmacological congeners, collectively
known as Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS; 14, 39).

Indirect proof of an antiglucocorticoid impact comes
from a case report regarding partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (Tincello et al., 1997).
An interesting clarification for this finding is that anabolic steroids act as glucocorticoid receptor antagonists.

Most binding studies, however, point out that anabolic steroids have very low binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor
(Hickson et al., 1990), a notable exception being THG, which binds
with excessive affinity (Friedel et al., 2006b).
An different hypothesis, therefore, is that anabolic steroids could
intervene with glucocorticoid receptor expression at the gene level.
Most recently, in vitro bioassays have been employed to find out that
the designer anabolic steroid THG is indeed a potent androgen.
Each web site was browsed, and testosterone and artificial AAS agents had been randomly chosen for purchase by putting them into
the site’s purchasing cart. Concurrently, the pharmacy(s) supplying each site was noted and each was independently researched utilizing Google.
The checkout process was continued up to the point of precise buy as to refrain from criminality.
Throughout the checkout process, the need for medical prescription, cost technique,
and delivery options together with specific delivery insurance policies or authorized disclaimers had been famous.

Last, the amount of supportive consumer information and
instruction for AAS use was evaluated per web site.
Dianabol-only cycle is a common newbie alternative because, as an oral
compound, it’s easy to take and helps you keep away from injecting.
Dbol also can increase levels of estrogen as a outcome of it can aromatize,
which brings some potential side effects like gynecomastia
(increased breast tissue) and fluid retention. You will also have
to watch out for androgenic unwanted facet effects and contemplate taking aromatase inhibitor medication alongside it to reduce back estrogen and reduce these side effects.
This is simply really helpful for long-time, highly experienced, or older users who have no concerns about pure testosterone ranges.

According to a latest examine, chronic AAS abuse ought to be considered when a muscular man presents with hypogonadism, onset
of gynecomastia or hirsutism. A Number Of research highlighted that prolonged androgen exposure
has a direct poisonous effect on kidneys, especially
glomerular cells, causing accumulation of mesangial matrix,
podocyte depletion and structural diversifications [26,87,88,89].
A latest report suggested that ND publicity
promotes hypertrophy in proximal and distal convoluted tubules of mice kidneys [90].
Moreover, both testosterone activity and direct ND motion to AR might play a task within the
genesis of kidney fibrosis after long-term
ND publicity [89].
The addition of a cis-9 to cis-10 double bond inhibits
aromatization, while a cis-11 to cis-12 double bond greatly enhances androgen receptor binding.
Ethylestrenol is a light AAS, having little or no anabolic or androgenic impact at therapeutic
doses. This agent differs from nandrolone by the addition of a 17-alpha ethyl group to
scale back first-pass metabolism, as properly as by the deletion of the
3-keto group.

References:

Dosierungsrichtlinien f黵 Winstrol

　留言总数1528帖　页次:1/77　每页:20条　下一页

图书信息

✅ Learn English ɑnd make friends comfortably