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《明代羁縻卫所制述论》

　　　　　A Review on the System of Jimi Guarding Post of the Ming Dynasty
作　　者：彭建英
　　　　　彭建英,1971 年生,西北大学文博学院讲师。地址:陕西省西安市,邮编710069。
出　　处：中国边疆史地研究 2004年第14卷
发表时间：2004-09-01
文　　摘：
羁縻卫所制是明朝政府为了实现对西北和东北边疆地区及民族的有效统治,而创设的一种地方管理模式,与同一时期推行于西南地区的土司制有所不同.文章从羁縻卫所的设立、明朝政府的管理措施、羁縻卫所的特点及其历史作用等四个方面,对这一问题进行了分析和探讨.强调指出该项制度的推行和实施,对维持明朝北部边疆的相对稳定,促进边疆民族的交流与融合,起了积极作用.

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=zgbjsdyj200403003
关 键 词：明代 羁縻卫所 边疆地区 因俗而治
正　　文：
　　羁縻卫所制是明朝政府为了实现对西北和东北边疆地区及民族的有效统治,而创设的一种地方管理模式,与同一时期推行于西南地区的土司制有所不同。文章从羁縻卫所的设立、明朝政府的管理措施、羁縻卫所的特点及其历史作用等四个方面,对这一问题进行了分析和 ……
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参考文献：
注释：
①载《中国史研究》1983 年第3 期。
②中州书画社1982 年版。
③ 参见《明史》卷90《兵二》。
④ 参见《明史》卷330《西域二》。
⑤《陇右金石录》卷6 。
⑥ 参见《明太祖实录》卷53 ,洪武三年六月戊午。
⑦《明西北归化人世系表》,甘肃省图书馆藏抄本。

⑧⑾⑿⒀ 《明史》卷330《西域二》。
⑨《西宁府新志》卷24《土司》。
⑩《明史纪事本末》卷10《故元遗兵》。
⒁ 罗福颐《: 满洲金石志》志6。

⒂姚广孝等修《: 大明太祖高皇帝实录》,北京图书馆明抄本。
⒃严从简《: 殊域周咨录》卷24《女直》。
⒄《明太宗实录》卷61 ,永乐七年春正月甲辰。
⒅参见《明太宗实录》卷32 ,永乐二年夏六月庚午。
⒆李贤等《: 明一统志》卷89《女直》。
⒇参见《明会典》卷124《兵部七·职方清吏司》。
[21]《明史》卷90《兵二》。
[22]《明史》卷330《西域二》。

[23][24][26][28][30]　《明史》卷330《西域二》。
[25]参见《明宪宗实录》卷185 ,成化十四年十二月戊子。
[27]《明英宗实录》卷137 ,正统十一年春正月己巳。
[29]《明英宗实录》卷121 ,正统九年九月丙子。
[31] 马端临《: 文献通考·自序》第1 册,商务印书馆1936年版。

[32]《明太祖实录》卷151 ,洪武十六年春正月辛酉。
[33]《明史》卷330《西域二》。
[34]《明会典》卷108《朝贡四》。
[35]《明英宗实录》卷58 ,正统四年八月丙子。
[36]《明世宗实录》卷222 ,嘉靖十八年三月己巳。
[37]《明会典》卷153《马政四》。
[38]《明太宗实录》卷71 ,永乐八年秋七月丙寅。
[39] 魏时亮《: 甘肃摘议》《, 明经世文编》卷371。

[40]《明史纪事本末》卷20《设立三卫》。
[41]《明英宗实录》卷142 ,正统十一年六月丁酉。
[42]《明英宗实录》卷138 ,正统十一年二月己亥。
[43][44]《明史》卷330《西域二》。


[45][46]《明史》卷331《西域三》。
[47]王世贞《: 三卫志》;郭造卿《: 卢龙塞略》。
[48]参见高士荣《: 西北土司制度研究》,民族出版社1999年版。
[49] 《明史》卷76《职官五》。


[50]严从简《: 殊域周咨录》卷14。
[51]《敦煌杂抄·关西七卫》卷上。
[52]《哈密志》卷3《舆地志一》。
[53] 青海省编辑组《: 青海藏族蒙古族社会历史调查》,青海人民出版社1985年版。

[54]参见《明世宗实录》卷337 ,嘉靖二十七年六月辛未。
[55]《明世宗实录》卷269 ,嘉靖二十一年十二月丙申。
[56]《明世宗实录》卷271 ,嘉靖二十二年二月壬辰。
[57]《李朝世宗世录》卷77。
[58]毕恭《: 辽东志》卷7引卢琼《东戍闻见录》。
[59]辽宁省档案馆藏明档105 号《定辽后卫经历司呈报经手抽收抚尝夷人银两各项清册》载,万历六年八月建州女直在抚顺关马市11 次出卖粮食。
[60]《明史》卷134《宁正传》。
[61]《西宁府新志》卷8《地理》。
[62]《秦边纪略·西宁边堡》卷1 。
[63] 焦《: 通贡传》。

[64]《明太宗实录》卷33 ,永乐三年正月己丑。
[65]《明孝宗实录》卷150 ,弘治十二年五月辛巳。
[66]《柳边纪略》,转引自滕绍箴《: 明代建州女真人》《, 中央民族学院学报》1979年第1 —2 期。
[67]《河州志》卷1《城池》。
[68]《河州志》卷2《公署》。
[69]《明太祖实录》卷249 ,洪武三十年正月丁丑。
[70]《明太宗实录》卷23 ,永乐元年冬十月辛亥。
[71]《维吾尔族史料简编》上册,第153 页。
[72]《明史》卷332《西域四》。
[73] 严从简：《殊域周咨录》卷12。

[74]《明英宗实录》卷163 ,正统十三年二月丁巳。
[75][76]《明史》卷330《西域二》。
[77]《明太宗实录》卷93 ,永乐十二年秋七月壬申。
[78]《续文献通考》卷14《食货·漕运》。
[79]《明英宗实录》卷145 ,正统十一年九月壬午。

[80]①参见杨建新《: 中国西北少数民族史》,宁夏人民出版社1988年版,第508 —509页。
[81]②《肃镇志》。
[82]③《万历武功录》卷11《王杲传》。
[83]④《燕山君日记》卷17 。
[84]⑤ 程开祜辑《: 筹辽硕画》卷19、卷29 ,北京图书馆善本丛书第1 集。







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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Noella (2025-11-03 00:20:33)
dosage of hgh for bodybuilding

References:


hgh 2iu per day results (https://bookmarkspot.win)



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Catalina (2025-11-01 14:16:40)
Here are six potential unwanted effects of anabolic steroids once they're taken at high doses and
absent a clear medical indication. The unwanted effects of Equipoise can embody hypertension and high ldl cholesterol,
however each must be straightforward to regulate. If the
person controls water retention, which shouldn't be hard
to do with this steroid, hypertension shouldn't be an issue baring some underlying factor.

Then we've cholesterol, and while this isn't
a particularly unfriendly steroid to ldl cholesterol it could have a negative impact.
The unwanted effects of Equipoise revolving around ldl cholesterol should be far less problematic than the majority of anabolic steroids, but vital suppression of
HDL ldl cholesterol (good cholesterol) is possible.
Tren-hex (Parabolan) has also remained out there in underground kind however never on the rate of
its older cousin Tren-a. Then in the early 2000’s former
underground large British Dragon would introduce Trenbolone Enanthate,
a form of Tren that only needed to be injected twice every week in comparability with Tren-a’s needed every other day administration. Most labs also now carry ‘Tren-e’ but Tren-a nonetheless remains the dominant form as it’s
the easiest to regulate. Though trenbolone doesn't convert to
estrogen, we see progesterone mimicking certain effects of estrogen in relation to physique composition.
Thus, trenbolone users are more doubtless to expertise extra outlined
abdominal muscles, albeit on the expense of a probably extra bloated-looking abdomen.
In the before picture, he had previously taken SARMs (selective androgen receptor modulators); due
to this fact, this was not his first PED cycle.
In our expertise, AIs (aromatase inhibitors) are ineffective for treating Anadrol’s estrogenic results, as Anadrol doesn't aromatize but as an alternative instantly
stimulates the estrogen receptors. Anadrol, by itself, has the ability to trigger hypertension because of its high dosage of 50–100 mg
per day. We also discover that Anadrol impacts hepatic lipase, an enzyme that, when stimulated, can considerably cut
back HDL levels of cholesterol.
It is the Estrogen receptor-alpha that's responsible
for negative effects talked about earlier. Primobolan is
an oral anabolic steroid that is a little distinctive in comparison with many oral anabolic steroids.
Before we go any further, it’s necessary we distinguish the difference between Primobolan and Primobolan Depot.

Primobolan Depot is an injectable model of the hormone that is connected to the large/long Enanthate
ester. Primobolan is comprised of the same energetic steroidal
hormone in Methenolone; however, it's connected to the small/short Acetate
ester and designed for oral administration. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the shortcoming to achieve or preserve an erection enough for satisfactory sexual activity.
One can observe the misuse of anabolic steroids in adults and teenagers.

In Accordance to a study published within the Journal of the European Association, this occurs because as
sufferers use AAS, the danger of insulin resistance can additionally be increased.
In feminine anabolic steroid users the medical points are quite different than that shown in males.
Deepening of the voice, enlargement of the
clitoris, decreased breast dimension, altered menstruation, hirsutism and male pattern baldness are all clinical features common to hyperandrogenism in females (Derman, 1995).

Androgen extra might happen as the results of polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital
adrenal hyperplasia and possibly Cushing’s syndrome (Derman, 1995; Redmond, 1995).
However, these scientific signs are seen in young, female athletes which would possibly be self-administering anabolic steroids.
In distinction to men, many of these adverse occasions in the feminine anabolic steroid person is probably not transient (Pavlatos et
al., 2001). AAS users considerably generally expertise erectile dysfunction (65),
with 8% of subjects in the HAARLEM study reporting it at baseline and
12% reporting to have skilled it during AAS use.
It is the most frequent antagonistic event in older males receiving testosterone substitute therapy (TRT) (40).

AAS are mostly administered by intramuscular (i.m.) injection or by oral ingestion.
Injection are primarily based on vegetable oils, similar to arachis oil, during which AAS are dissolved.
Aromatic compounds similar to benzoyl benzoate (BB) or benzyl alcohol (BA)
are often added as excipients for their bacteriostatic properties and to increase the oil solubility of AAS.

However, because of modifications in chemical structure, completely
different steroids produce completely different outcomes in regard to body composition and athletic efficiency.

In reproductive target tissues, testosterone can be thought of to be a prohormone, being readily
transformed by 5α-reductase to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
In different tissues, corresponding to fatty tissue and
components of the mind, testosterone is converted by aromatase to the estrogen, estradiol (E2).


Regardless, man or girl, whereas oral Primo has its place most will be much more happy with injectable types of Methenolone.

There isn't any data to assist increases in hepatic stress or liver injury.
In his Anabolics series, William Llewellyn notes that there was one report
of an elderly man who suffered from liver toxicity, failure and death.
Nevertheless, this is the only reported case for this steroid in additional than 50 years.
For this reason hepatotoxicity can't be ruled out fully nevertheless it seems to be highly unlikely.
The Methenolone hormone was first released in 1962 by Squibb in both the oral
Acetate and injectable Enanthate type. The hormonal compounds each carried the Nibal name, Nibal and Nibal Depot, but have been very short lived merchandise.

Its primary objective is to assist restore the body’s natural hormone manufacturing,
which is suppressed during steroid use. When you cease
steroid abuse, it takes your body weeks to months to get back to creating its own testosterone.

Some folks use different medicine to counteract the unwanted effects of steroids, "cycle" their use with breaks for "recovery" or "pyramid" use by steadily rising
intake to a peak and decreasing once more.
Still, it should be remembered that the majority male Deca-Durabolin users are stacking it with a useful quantity of testosterone, which is ready to
enhance those muscle and strength positive aspects.
All in all, Deca-Durabolin is likely considered one of
the most positively talked about steroids. As a bodybuilder, you will discover
an increasing capability to raise heavier weights with less pain and enhanced joint restoration. Generally, muscle restoration must also be a noticeable result throughout a Deca-Durabolin cycle.


References:


PedsElite



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Judy (2025-11-01 13:06:59)
Steve Theunissen is a seasoned health professional with 25+ years of experience.
He's a knowledgeable and experienced bodybuilding coach, combining his ardour for fitness with his writing
expertise to coach and inspire. Whether beginning
out or looking to take coaching to the following stage, Steve Theunissen is the best coach to help reach fitness
goals. Look out for merchandise with, Citrus Bergamot, Kaneka� Ubiquinol,
Grape Seed Extract, Celery Seed Extract, Astragalus,
N Acetyl Cysteine, IP6, Tudca, and Pine Bark Extract.
Certainly, the reduction of the orbitofrontal cortex observed in such circumstances might lead
to the lack of inhibitory control [50]. Individuals who use AASs have
a better likelihood to be drug and alcohol abusers [4,33,57].
Long-term research is required to clarify the mechanisms and
the organic and social processes concerned in neuropsychiatric effects of AAS abuse.
Counseling is the mainstay of remedy for anabolic steroid abuse.
The patient and their assist group, household, and associates, need to understand that the approach
to this dependancy may be just like habit to different medication and alcohol.
Bodybuilders and weight lifters are not the one athletes to assume that
anabolic steroid use is their road to PhenQ user success stories.


We contemplate Dianabol the better steroid for building pure mass; however, aesthetically,
trenbolone produces "higher quality" muscle gains with no water retention. Nonetheless, we now have had some bodybuilders use Dianabol throughout slicing cycles to assist them keep strength and muscle size when in a calorie deficit.
Nonetheless, utilizing Dianabol during slicing cycles is an unusual follow.
Ladies can experience significant muscle progress on just 2.5–5 mg of Dianabol per day.
At this dose, we've had ladies avoid virilization side effects, that
are commonly skilled at doses of 10 mg or extra
per day.
Research has shown that, regardless of orals having less biological availability, they'll alter how the compound is utilized by the body.
For instance, orals have the power to alter tissue selectivity and hepatic IGF-1 launch, which utterly modifications the compound’s chemistry,
and consequently, users’ results can enhance. The purpose why that is extra commonly experienced when injecting trenbolone is as a
end result of it’s an irritant to the lungs, just like how cayenne
pepper is an irritant to the skin.
In common with other anabolic steroids, WINSTROL (anabolic steroids) has
been reported to decrease the extent of high-density lipoproteins and lift the extent of low-density lipoproteins.
These changes often revert to normal on discontinuation of remedy.
Increased low-density lipoproteins and decreased high-density lipoproteins are thought-about
cardiovascular risk components. Serum lipids and high-density
lipoprotein ldl cholesterol must be determined periodically.
Cholestatic hepatitis and jaundice occur with 17-alpha-alkylated
androgens at relatively low doses. If cholestatic hepatitis with jaundice appears, the anabolic steroid ought to be discontinued.
If liver function checks turn out to be irregular,
the patient should be monitored closely and the etiology determined.

Despite research proving the safety of Anavar long-term (1), it is
at present banned for recreational functions. Anavar was additionally prescribed
for treating osteoporosis due to its capacity to extend
bone mineral density. Whereas this may be a great slicing
agent it does enhance the probability of muscle tears which can really hamper your bulking efforts.

You’ll often discover that folks stack it with Anavar and testosterone (usually
the propionate type). This is a great all-purpose steroid that can be taken orally or injected.

D-Bal was formulated by Crazy Bulk to copy Dianabol’s constructive effects however
without the adverse results. This allows bodybuilders to stay
wholesome while constructing muscle, instead of destroying their
health in the short or long term. There is a
large demand for anabolic steroids right now; however,
not everyone desires to break the law or endure the serious
well being penalties that include taking steroids.

Analysis has additional found that some steroid users
turn to other medicine, corresponding to opioids, to scale back sleep problems and irritability brought on by steroids.

These anabolic-androgenic steroid medication, as their name
suggests, exhibit numerous levels of anabolic (muscle
building) and androgenic (masculinizing) results. Anadrol causes important quantities
of water retention, while trenbolone is a dry steroid.
Due To This Fact, virtually all of the weight gained on trenbolone might be lean muscle mass,
making it a extra aesthetically pleasing drug for some bodybuilders.

In one examine, female HIV sufferers affected by chronic cachexia were given 100–150 mg of Anadrol per day for 30 weeks
(16).
Due to Anadrol’s brief half-life of 5–9 hours, doses
ought to be break up up and taken frequently throughout the day.
Anadrol usually contains pills in 50 mg doses; thus, through the use of a tablet
cutter, you may give your self 2-4 doses each day. He also recommends splitting up the doses of Anadrol all through the day as an alternative of taking 25 mg in one go.
However, we have discovered Anadrol to be a female-friendly
steroid with a low affinity for masculinization unwanted
effects. Despite Anadrol being FDA-approved,
it is still one of the harshest steroids we now have come throughout.
Anadrol remains FDA-approved within the United States for the remedy of anemia.

Thus, when administered underneath a doctor’s supervision,
oxymetholone is deemed protected.
However, with Anavar’s fat-burning results and muscle gains being retained post-cycle,
there is not a great want for most people to
utilize Anavar all 12 months spherical. In terms
of meals selection, largely clear meals decisions ought to be consumed,
together with unrefined carbohydrates and unsaturated fats.
Healthy meals that are not high in sodium will inhibit water
retention, including to the dry and outlined appearance that Anavar
encourages. However, trenbolone will also cause deleterious side effects, together with high elevations in blood pressure and important testosterone suppression.


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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Willy (2025-11-01 12:42:31)
The puffiness and bloating from the surplus fluid may give the
looks of a higher physique fat proportion. We have discovered Anadrol
to be one of the most utilized steroids in powerlifting and strongman circles.
Scientists regard Anadrol as "one of essentially the most potent steroids ever developed for constructing muscle," with members gaining 14.5 lbs of
muscle per a hundred lb of physique weight in studies (1).
If we had been ranking one of the best steroids for weight loss (or
fats loss), Winstrol would probably take the top spot.
However, it comes behind Anavar on our record just because it has more
poisonous side effects.
Inside days, I observed a huge increase in my strength and
endurance. Ecdysteroids are a sort of steroid
hormone discovered in many crops and animals. I’ve personally tested all these dietary supplements for at least a month and will explain under
why I suggest them if you’re seeking to construct muscle fast.
Some virilizing modifications in women are irreversible even after prompt
discontinuance of remedy and usually are not prevented by
concomitant use of estrogens (see PRECAUTIONS).
Authorized alternatives like D-Bal or Testo-Max can be found with out prescriptions
and don’t fall underneath controlled substances.
Clinical Review BoardAll Ignite Healthwise, LLC education is reviewed by
a staff that features physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and different healthcare professionals.
Despair and suicidal ideas may occur when one stops taking steroids, and this
potential must be monitored carefully. Medical Evaluate BoardAll
Ignite Healthwise, LLC education is reviewed by a staff that
features physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare
professionals. Males over forty years of age with baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of more than 0.6 ng/mL
should have their PSA levels measured and a prostate examination at 3 to 6 months.

Anabolic steroids may be administered by way of oral tablets, injections,
topical creams or gels, or pores and skin patches.
The antagonistic effects of AAS use depend on the
product, the person’s age and intercourse, how a lot they use,
and for a way long. Non-medical use of steroids just isn't
permitted within the United States.
Thus, despite testosterone’s highly effective anabolic nature, it may also be used as a
slicing steroid. The first anabolic steroid ever created comes in third on the listing.
Nonetheless, if we had been strictly weighing
up the pros and cons of each steroid, testosterone could
be first. This is advantageous, as estrogen contributes to some of the positive aspects experienced on-cycle (2),
so blocking it's not optimal. A remedy center will try and verify your medical insurance advantages and/or needed authorizations on your behalf.
Please note, this is only a quote of advantages and/or authorization. We can't guarantee fee or verification eligibility as conveyed
by your medical insurance provider shall be correct and complete.

Approximately 2% of females and 6% of males worldwide use or abuse anabolic steroids, with related estimates for
the Usa. Healthcare providers prescribe them for certain circumstances, corresponding to male hypogonadism and sure types of breast
cancer. There are several varieties of cycles, including bulking cycles for constructing
mass, cutting cycles for fats loss and muscle definition, and
lean mass cycles for clear, sustainable gains.
Anabolic steroids are prescription-only medicines
for treating certain well being circumstances. However, folks
typically misuse anabolic steroids to extend muscle mass and athletic performance.

With bodybuilders desirous to look as ripped as potential,
trenbolone is a well-liked choice, as customers will not suffer from easy, puffy muscles or bloating.
Nevertheless, when it comes to pure muscle achieve,
we rank trenbolone among the best bulking steroids. In our expertise,
using Decaduro alone is not going to yield significant muscle positive aspects.

Additionally, Dianabol and different anabolic steroids may be purchased easily in Thailand, where they’re technically illegal to purchase without a
prescription (being a class S controlled drug). However, tourists report that pharmacists don’t abide by the legal guidelines or will problem a prescription on the spot in trade for the
equivalent of a few dollars. A physician might prescribe
a steroid to a affected person for a variety of different conditions, together with bronchial asthma, hay fever, hives, eczema,
COPD, infected joints, and lupus. In addition, anabolic steroids could also be
prescribed to patients who've low testosterone in addition to
other circumstances like certain forms of cancer
or AIDS.
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the most accurate, reliable, and up-to-date medical content material
to our readers. Our team does their best for our readers to assist them keep informed about
important healthcare decisions. College Hospitals has a large community
of major care suppliers at convenient places across the area.


It replicates the muscle-building and strength-enhancing results of Anadrol, however without
the unwanted unwanted effects. Therefore, bodybuilders generally complement
with TUDCA during or after a cycle for liver protection. In another research, 28 adults with continual anemia were given a
really high dose of Anadrol, 5 mg/kg of body weight (9).


References:


PedsElite



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Domingo (2025-11-01 11:39:13)
Some people are more prone to experiencing estrogenic side effects because
of this conversion. To make knowledgeable decisions about steroids, individuals should
prioritise health and legality. Pure steroids obtained by way
of a balanced food plan are a safer and more ethical selection. Understanding the risks and penalties of artificial steroids and seeking medical steering when needed is essential.


They lock extra nitrogen into your muscle cells, creating the proper environment for progress.
Androgen receptors reply to nandrolone the identical
way, regardless of the supply speed. Deca can result in more seen water retention as ranges build
up over time. That extra fluid typically hides muscle definition early on, which is
often a little frustrating. Testosterone also contributes to overall well being by affecting purple blood cell production, mood
regulation, and cognitive function. Deca Durabolin additionally only impacts HDL/LDL cholesterol to a gentle
degree and poses no hepatotoxicity, being an injectable steroid
like testosterone.
If a patient continues utilizing AAS long-term nonetheless,
treatment appears sensible. Long-standing untreated hypertension may exacerbate the detrimental effects of AAS on cardiac structure and function, maybe making
blood strain remedy in this population particularly related.
The HAARLEM study, nevertheless, discovered no interplay between blood
stress and echocardiographic parameters – probably as a result of the rise
was gentle and of relatively brief period (97).
Future analysis is necessary to explore the efficacy of blood pressure-lowering medicine on this group
of patients as no trial thus far has evaluated this.
Additionally, they don't appear to be on the present record of prohibited substances
and methods of the World Anti-Doping Affiliation, which might – paradoxically – be relevant
for some AAS users. Alternatively, or additionally, calcium channel blockers are a preferred selection in athletes (98).
Nonprescription doses are often 10 to 100 instances larger than the doses healthcare suppliers prescribe
to treat medical conditions.
In an uncontrolled multicenter contraceptive efficacy research, 271 men received 200 mg
testosterone enanthate weekly for at least 6 months (202).
In distinction, the prevalence of gynecomastia increased from 7% at
baseline to 19% on the finish of an AAS cycle within the HAARLEM research (39).
The key query that remains to be answered is whether high
dosages of AAS additional promote the event of male-pattern hair loss.
In the HAARLEM research, self-reported alopecia elevated from
2% at baseline to 12% at the end of the cycle (39). The research did not include an goal measure of alopecia, which
makes it tough to differentiate between a real rise in incidence and a
mere self-perceived one.
That stated, in comparison with the unwanted effects we
know of from Steroids, that is nothing. Renowned
as the ‘lady steroid,’ Anvarol stands out for its delicate unwanted effects, distinguishing it
as one of many most secure options on the earth
of performance-enhancing substances. When choosing steroids,
it’s crucial to know what steroids have the least side effects to ensure a stability between effectiveness and security.

Anavar is derived from DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) and doesn't convert into estrogen. Discover the panorama of the safest
steroids and cycles with a transparent and concise focus.


Nevertheless, as a result of methyltrienolone’s high toxicity, even in modest dosages, bodybuilders hardly
use it and like injectable trenbolone as a substitute.

Anecdotally, we additionally see it cause disturbances to the central nervous system, negatively influencing mood
and well-being. We have found these neural results similar to leisure drugs similar to amphetamine or cocaine.

Proviron is a steroid that has some specific uses, namely, the
way it helps enhance free testosterone. Proviron is helpful for longer
cycles where you want to reduce estrogen considerations, add
some muscle definition, or help boost the libido. It is even included as
a PCT compound due to its minimal antagonistic effect on luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones.
When you’re using HCG during a cycle, you must cease it two
weeks earlier than your recognized anabolic steroid clearance time.

Anabolic steroids can help sportspeople do long-term exercises,
improve muscle power and their efficiency degree,
and assist them get speedy recovery from varied injuries.
They also can assist decrease estrogen levels, which can help deal with estrogen receptor
positive breast most cancers by blocking the expansion of most cancers cells that use estrogen to develop.
For individuals with cancer or AIDS who're dropping muscle,
anabolic steroids increase the number of androgen receptors in skeletal muscle
and enhance it in measurement and strength. Androgenic are the substances
related to the development of male characteristics.


References:


D-bal Max user testimonials



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Lashay (2025-11-01 11:38:55)
Trenbolone is amongst the harshest anabolic steroids a bodybuilder can take, having devastating effects on a user’s well being,
based on our tests. Despite not being probably the most ‘powerful’ anabolic steroid,
we nonetheless see testosterone producing impressive gains in measurement and energy.
Dianabol has a low affinity to bind with the 5α-reductase enzyme, thus decreasing the conversion of
testosterone into DHT (dihydrotestosterone). Thus, androgenic results are gentle, so our patients usually
finish a Dianabol cycle unscathed in relation to oily skin, zits vulgaris, and prostate enlargement.


We mix scientific analysis with real-world expertise to
provide the complete image. There are "natural" supplements legally bought over-the-counter that are marketed for athletic efficiency.

However, these usually are not regulated, they usually can nonetheless cause
side effects. Different results are unique to these artificial
testosterone drugs, such as those that can trigger male traits in women and feminine characteristics in men. If you assume you or a beloved one may be experiencing body dysmorphic disorder,
think about talking with a healthcare professional.
This psychological health situation may cause you to regularly fear that your muscle tissue usually
are not sufficiently big or that you're not robust sufficient.
Additionally, you want to discuss with a physician if you're misusing these steroids and you feel
as though you may have an habit to them.
If a lady unknowingly takes Dianabol, virilization unwanted
side effects are very likely in our experience.
We have discovered Anavar to be a potent muscle-builder; however, it’s
not going to rework the common girl right into a 200-pound man (like some would possibly believe).
Wholesome Male is funded by the Australian Government Department of Well Being, Incapacity and Ageing.
Info provided on this web site is not an different to medical advice.
We are dedicated to providing respectful, inclusive companies and work environments
where all individuals feel accepted, protected, affirmed and celebrated.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people must be aware that this web site might comprise photographs, voices and
names of deceased individuals.
The following comparative table highlights key aspects of Primobolan in comparison to other popular anabolic steroids.
The commonest causes individuals abuse anabolic steroids
are to improve athletic performance or improve bodily appearance.
Bodybuilders and athletes would possibly use them to quickly gain muscle mass, improve
energy, and enhance endurance.
Steroids also stabilize cell membranes, stopping the release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells.
This twin motion not only reduces swelling and redness but also alleviates strain on muscles and nerves, thereby easing tension. For example,
in circumstances like polymyalgia rheumatica,
a low-dose steroid regimen (e.g., prednisone 10–20 mg/day) can rapidly restore mobility by focusing on both irritation and
muscle ache. However, it’s crucial to notice that whereas steroids handle signs, they don't repair underlying tissue damage, making them a
symptomatic somewhat than curative remedy. Analysis has shown that Winstrol is an efficient anabolic
steroid for constructing muscle and burning fats.

This can additionally be evident anecdotally based on users’
results and before-and-after photos. We have discovered Winstrol
to be among the most potent cutting steroids on the market
for these looking to cut back subcutaneous body fat whereas
simultaneously adding lean muscle.
Researchers discovered that RAD-140 suppresses the ESR1 gene [42], which is believed to be the mechanism behind it causing less extracellular water volume.
RAD-140’s route of entry, being an oral product, is considered the principle cause of hepatic stress.
This is due to it having to bypass the liver upon coming into the bloodstream, similar
to C-17 alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids, which research have shown to
be hepatotoxic [29,30].
Thus, after discontinuing Dianabol, liver enzyme values are
prone to drop again all the method down to normal.
Nonetheless, liver failure remains a risk with Dianabol and different
hepatotoxic steroids. Thus, it’d be clever to keep Dianabol cycles quick (4-6 weeks), minimizing harm to this important organ. Severe gynecomastia from steroid use could be handled in several ways.

If you begin treatment early (in the first 2 years), it’s attainable to reverse it using AIs (aromatase inhibitors),
which basically scale back estrogen levels and enhance testosterone.

There are so many differing types, methods to take them and issues they will trigger.
They’re one of the frequent drugs to deal with inflammation, ache and other symptoms that
plenty of conditions trigger. Corticosteroids are
one of many quickest methods to cut back inflammation in your body.

A cycle can either contain a single steroid or a mix of two or more steroids taken together.
Every of most of these testosterone has completely different
esters, which affect the pace of its supply. Examine out
this incredible testosterone cypionate before and after to see the transformation. Chromium
to make you more insulin delicate, Carnitine to assist your metabolism, and various others to support your fat
loss endeavors.

References:


PedsElite



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Paula (2025-11-01 10:17:19)
The only frequent side impact on the hormonal system of each genders is androgenetic alopecia.
In this text, details about the physical
and psychological side effects of steroids, the distinction within the unwanted side effects of
steroids on women and men, the results of AAS use on teenagers, and tips
on how to forestall steroids side effects shall be provided.
Each males and females normally have testosterone circulating of
their bodies, although the amount in males is far higher.
Testosterone works to advertise the looks of male secondary sexual traits, corresponding to a deepening voice
and the expansion of body and facial hair. In many cases, the utilization of the substance can still be detected in hint amounts of the remaining metabolites lengthy after the compound has exceeded its lively
life in the physique. So, while a steroid will now
not be providing you with any efficiency advantages, it
may nonetheless be detected in a drug test many weeks or even months
later. Maintaining the utilization of milder PEDs like Anavar
at low doses and for short cycle durations is usually enough to permit
you to keep away from clitoral enlargement.
Throw in different variables like dosage, cycle length, stacking compounds collectively, current well being points –
and potential steroid side effects can turn into much more complicated.
Some individuals will use it for months; others
will limit themselves to a six or 8-week cycle. This all is dependent upon your goals and if you’re stacking it with steroids, SARMs, or different
fat-burning PEDs.
This evaluation suggests that AAS misuse and abuse result in antagonistic effects in all physique tissues and organs.
This evaluate reveals that long-term administration of high doses of AASs might
result in critical consequences, such as hypogonadism,
cardiac impairment, neurodegeneration, coronary
artery illness and sudden cardiac death. The most reported long-term unwanted aspect effects affect the cardiovascular
system, corresponding to cardiomyopathy and atherosclerotic illness.
Hypogonadism is a frequent finding in AAS abusers and
need to be considered when AAS use is suspected so as to undertake aggressive therapy [8,120].
It has been suggested that the incidence of most cancers in numerous
tissues is strictly positively correlated to the variety of stem cell divisions within the lifetime occurring in them [50].

Though the extent of this exercise seems to be limited, as screening procedures
depend on concentrating on selecting ions for monitoring by mass spectrometry, unknown steroids could escape detection. Oral activity can be conferred by substitution of the 17α-H on the steroid
nucleus with a methyl or ethyl group to make the 17α-alkylated anabolic steroids.
Alkyl substitution prevents deactivation of the steroid by first-pass metabolism by sterically hindering oxidation of the 17β-hydroxyl group.
A methyl group connected to C-1 can also confer oral activity,
as in methenolone or mesterolone, however these two anabolic steroids are thought-about to be relatively weak in pharmacological activity.
Anabolic steroids come within the type of tablets, capsules,
a solution for injection and a cream or gel to rub into the pores
and skin.
We have found extremely androgenic steroids (such as trenbolone
and testosterone) to possess extra pronounced
fat-burning properties as a result of androgen receptors having a stronger effect on the discount of adipose tissue.
The general inhabitants is aware of the risks that anabolic
steroids pose, with the media frequently reporting horror
stories of women and men abusing PEDs. Think About spending years honing your
body to perfection, solely to search out that your thoughts has turn out to be a foggy, unreliable mess.
For many steroid customers, this cognitive decline may be just as
devastating as any bodily unwanted effects. It’s a cruel irony that the very medication meant to reinforce efficiency can in the end undermine the mental faculties needed to achieve life.


The steroid ring consists of three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon ring joined, of which ldl cholesterol is essentially
the most fundamental type and, indeed, the precursor.
Although the time period steroid contains all brokers derived from this ringed construction, this dialogue includes
solely testosterone and the anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs).
It Is a hard dialog to provoke but your physician may help you find the mandatory resources
to deal with both the bodily and mental/emotional challenges posed by this dependency.
Bear In Mind, dependancy just isn't a private failure but somewhat a medical downside, no completely different
from any other health problem. Blood-borne infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C pose one
other essential threat among folks utilizing illicit anabolic
steroids, notably among women and men who share needles or other injection equipment 2.

Athletes who need to select a brief path to better physique and performance by using
synthetic testosterone analogues should be aware of critical
antagonistic results. Both animal studies and human research
have proven a potential position for steroids within the development
of addition and significantly elevated cardiovascular threat.
Anabolic steroids are also identified as anabolic-androgenic steroids because they each trigger a rise in muscle mass and enhance sexual health.

The advantages of anabolic steroids are undoubtedly impressive in relation to physique composition and mental well-being.
However, you will need to observe that such optimistic effects are sometimes short-lived, with an opposite
effect occurring post-cycle. Androgenic steroids have excessive
ranges of the 5a-reductase enzyme present, which is liable for changing testosterone into DHT (dihydrotestosterone).

Nevertheless, we've seen some anabolic steroids compromise
cardiovascular efficiency due to significant amounts of water retention, causing more viscous blood and thus
impairing blood circulate.
Furthermore, another imaging research showed markedly elevated proper
amygdala volumes; markedly decreased proper amygdala and reduced dACCgln/glu
and scyllo-inositol levels compared to nonusers [45].
Recent evidence, by administrating neuropsychological
exams to weightlifters each AAS users and nonusers, demonstrated a cognitive disfunction as a outcome of long-term excessive AAS publicity [46].
In this regard, oxidative stress and apoptosis due to AASs abuse could
lead to neurodegeneration and dementia, particularly in long-term customers, adolescents and
younger adults [47,48]. Many people who use anabolic steroids are
aware of the dangers of taking them, and imagine that by
taking the medication in sure ways they can keep away from unwanted facet effects.
Or they might take additional medicines to attempt to counter
the unwanted effects.
Large quantities of testosterone inhibit the production of estrogen, resulting in painful and irregular menstruation. Depending on the type and dose of anabolics,
durations might cease altogether. In the identical research, it was
reported that the degrees of testosterone in a woman’s physique are
too low to cause masculinization. However, the abuse of androgenic medicines raises testosterone levels dramatically, which may additionally lead
to the evident enlargement of the clitoris and elevated sex drive.
The elevated size of the clitoris is not dangerous to
the woman’s well being, but they could develop psychological discomfort and physique
dysmorphia. One of the most harmful side effects of oral steroids is
potential liver harm. In Accordance to a research
of medical doctors from Mexico, these medication are recognized to trigger
peliosis hepatis and tumors, and the most typical liver
drawback caused by anabolics is the condition referred
to as cholestasis, accounting for 40% of the hepatotoxic situations.

Any drug that affects or changes the homeostasis (the inside workings
and techniques of the body) of one’s natural state, will have an impact.
With all the information, attention, and debate over performance-enhancing medication (or PEDs),
many individuals need to further understand how performance-enhancing medicine affect one’s physique.
It’s an necessary area of concern for athletes and on the basis of why USADA and different anti-doping organizations exist.
Merely put, PEDs have the flexibility or potential to
drastically alter the human body and biological functions, together with the flexibility to considerably enhance athletic
performance in certain cases. These medication, nonetheless, can be extraordinarily dangerous and, in sure
situations, deadly. The unfavorable effects these medicine
can have on one’s physique make USADA’s mission paramount as to why no athlete should ever have to
assume about PED use to achieve sport.

References:


PedsElite



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Inez (2025-10-31 23:24:05)
In this beginner’s guide, we’ll cowl every thing you should know
about steroid cycles, together with the types of steroids, dosages,
cycle lengths, and potential unwanted aspect effects.
People who misuse anabolic steroids normally take them orally, inject them into muscles, or apply them to the
pores and skin as a gel or cream. These doses could also be 10 to one hundred occasions higher than doses
prescribed to treat medical circumstances. Skinny guys will find that this stack provides noticeable bulk comparatively rapidly.
Eat sufficient energy (both high quality and quantity), and you’ll see those shirts filling out inside a couple of weeks, and other people
will start to discover. Finest of all, there’s
no testosterone suppression, no PCT required, no high cholesterol or blood stress, water retention, acne, or hair
loss. SARMs goal androgen receptors in tissue that promote muscle progress by stimulating anabolic exercise within the bone and muscle11.


It is assessed as an lively progestin and this can play into potential side effects, however they're controllable in most cases.
Catabolic steroids, generally known as corticosteroids, are synthetic medication designed to imitate cortisol,
a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Unlike anabolic steroids, which build muscle,
catabolic steroids help break down advanced molecules into
simpler ones, a course of often recognized as catabolism.

The term covers two very different groups of medications – corticosteroids and anabolic steroids – that are prescribed to deal with a
wide range of conditions. They can even help decrease estrogen ranges, which might
help deal with estrogen receptor optimistic breast cancer by blocking the growth
of cancer cells that use estrogen to grow. For individuals
with cancer or AIDS who're losing muscle, anabolic steroids increase the
number of androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and increase it in size
and energy.
Steroid nasal sprays are medicines which are commonly used to treat symptoms of
stuffiness or congestion in the nose. They are used most often for allergic reactions of the nostril, such as hay fever.
They can be bought over the counter at a pharmacy - in general,
treatment of hay fever should normally be purchased over-the-counter quite than asking your
GP for a prescription. Let’s get into what
steroids are, what they’re used for (both legally and illegally), and how to discover some safe alternate options to
steroids that’ll provide the identical outcomes. So, what I’ve provided above is a guideline
that can only be used as an essential guide.
I’m often discovering new and better ways to do things, like changing doses barely or timing,
and so forth. These specifics are actions we are in a position to only really experiment
with ourselves, and TAKE NOTE of the pros and cons
of every little thing you try.
Usually experimental, they offer potent effects but may carry unknown risks and restricted medical or safety information. Injectable steroids are anabolic compounds administered via intramuscular injection, providing longer-lasting effects and lowered liver pressure in comparison with oral varieties.
They’re favoured for constant hormone levels, enhanced muscle positive aspects, and infrequently used in superior bodybuilding cycles with strict
dosing protocols. Prohormones are compounds taken orally that
convert into active anabolic hormones in the body.
Used to spice up muscle development and strength, they’re often milder than steroids but still
require liver help, correct biking, and post-cycle therapy
for security. Anabolic steroids are most identified for his or her capacity to shortly enhance muscle mass.

In that case, frontloading won't be for you, nevertheless it does present an additional
option for many who favor not to undertake a
kickstart using an oral steroid. When frontloading, you will twice and even triple
your common dose within the first week or so of utilizing the steroid.
This lets you take advantage of the natural fast spike in hormone
release upon injection, which slows down afterward and
turns into more gradual. Frontloading will amplify this preliminary impact early on and allow you to profit sooner from increased
efficiency. So, you presumably can see the significance of familiarity with every compound’s half-life, even when you’re
going with only a single compound cycle.
Some bodybuilders also make use of trenbolone as a chopping
steroid to accelerate fats loss whereas maintaining muscle on fewer calories.

One difference many customers discover is that NPP
is slightly weaker in its actions, together with the good and dangerous
results. So typically, there are fewer gains and energy and reduced water weight and suppression.
Many of those medication aren't recommended for canine in a breeding program,
particularly during the time they could be pregnant.

Anabolic steroids, a type of performance-enhancing
drug, sit in a grey area globally. In the United States, these substances classify
as Schedule III drugs beneath the Controlled Substances Act.
This classification implies that while they have some accepted medical use, they also carry a high potential for abuse that can result in extreme psychological or physical dependence.

It can set off temper swings, fatigue, restlessness,
achy muscular tissues, and melancholy. If
you have been taking steroids to deal with an illness, those symptoms could come back, too.
You ought to have regular appointments with your healthcare
provider when taking an anabolic steroid to assess how properly it’s
working. General steroids, known as corticosteroids,
are medicines that reduce irritation and the exercise of your immune system.
They’re manufactured medication that closely resemble
cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally.
There are numerous kinds of corticosteroids, which can be
taken topically or by way of inhalation, with others
being administered by injection or oral tablets.
Preserving your dosage of Winstrol as little as potential will
present the dual reward of wonderful outcomes combined with minimal unwanted effects (potentially permitting you to get away with zero side effects).
However if you’re new to all this, you may be stunned to be taught that Anavar is derived
from DHT. Regardless Of this, Anavar does NOT come with the potent androgenic side
effects of most different DHT-derived steroids. The traditional TRT
dosage of Testosterone cypionate is between one hundred
and 200mg weekly. You might even run a low dose of HCG for further
support, one thing like 100iu every different day.


References:


Εκσπερμάτωση περισσότερο και παχύτερο σπέρμα Φυσικά



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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Bradley (2025-10-21 09:50:15)
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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Thorsten (2025-10-20 18:35:53)
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