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图书信息

《明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数探》
　　　　　A Probe on Direction and Figures of Emigration of Seven Guard Stations to the West of Jiayu Pass During the Ming Dynasty
作　　者：程利英
　　　　　程利英(1973 —) , 女, 河南滑县人, 厦门大学人文学院历史系2004 级博士研究生, 研究方向为中国古代经济史。
出　　处：《贵州民族研究》 2005年04期
发表时间：2005-08-01
文　　摘：

由于多种原因,明政府在嘉峪关外设立的七个卫所相继内迁,失去了拱卫西北边疆的作用.在内迁诸卫中,安定、阿端、曲先、罕东无内迁人数统计,沙州卫、赤斤蒙古卫、哈密卫和罕东左卫有内迁人数统计.本文据《明史》、《殊域周咨录》和《边政考》等史料,对明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数进行了探讨.

关键词：明代关西七卫内迁去向内迁人数
正　　文：

关西七卫, 指明朝在嘉峪关外设立的安定、阿端、曲先、罕东、沙州、赤斤蒙古、哈密七卫, 后沙州卫内迁, 在其故地又设罕东左卫。以哈密卫为首的关西七卫是明代边政研究的热点之一, 自上世纪30 年代岑仲勉先生发表《明初曲先、阿端、安定、罕东四卫考 ……

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参考文献：

参考文献:
[1 ] (清) 张廷玉等1 明史, 卷330 , 西域二•安定卫[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19741
[2 ] (明) 严从简1 殊域周咨录, 卷12 , 西域二•安定卫[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19931
[3 ] (清) 查继佐1 罪惟录, 卷36 , 外国列传•曲先[M] 1 杭州: 浙江古籍出版社, 19861
[4 ] (明) 张　雨1 边政考, 卷9 , 西羌族口•肃州番[M] 1 上海: 上海商务印书馆, 19371
[5 ] (清) 查继佐1 罪惟录, 卷36 , 外国列传•曲先[M] 1 杭州: 浙江古籍出版社, 19861
[6 ] (明) 魏　焕1 皇明九边考, 卷9 , 甘肃镇•边夷考[M] 1 上海: 上海商务印书馆, 19371
[7 ] 桂　萼1 桂文襄公奏疏•进哈密事宜疏•吐鲁番夷情[A ] 1 明经世文编, 卷181 [ Z] 1 北京: 中华书局,
19621
[8 ] (清) 谷应泰1 明史纪事本末, 卷40 , 兴复哈密[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19771
(责任编辑: 廖　建)

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Orals, for instance, include that well-known threat to the liver,
so it’s out of the query to make use of them longer. Blood strain and cholesterol will increase are a variety of
the different significant threat components for normal
and high-dose steroid use. Subcutaneous or just
sub-cut injections are where the needle is placed into the pores and skin layers.
It’s a really shallow injection and one that is hardly ever
used for anabolic steroids. Again, there's a risk of abscess formation with this kind of injection if it’s not accomplished appropriately.

The longer withdrawal signs linger, the extra doubtless the abuser’s probabilities of going back to utilizing steroids or turning to other
dangerous medicine simply to alleviate the prolonged unpleasantness.
One Other factor that impacts withdrawal duration is the type(s)
of anabolic steroid as a end result of some
steroids stay in the system longer than others.
Relying on the half-life of the steroids taken, withdrawal signs may not even begin for several days following the last dose.
The gender breakdown of therapy admissions for heroin was 63.7% male and 36.3% female.

Relying on how the steroids are used, this can vary from relatively small modifications to the development of maximum masculine traits.
So, although it’s not common, some feminine athletes and
bodybuilders do choose to make use of steroids for performance-enhancing advantages.
When undertaken rigorously, these girls can obtain significant benefits while carefully controlling the unwanted effects.
This means you’ll use fast-acting compounds – either orals or short-ester injectables.
Some AAS users self-medicate with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors corresponding
to sildenafil to counteract erectile dysfunction (65).

The researchers discovered ranges returned to regular about four months
after participants stopped taking them. The
potential for important hepatotoxicity from Winstrol necessitates relatively temporary cycles to stop extreme liver
damage. Winstrol, when stacked with additional oral steroids, increases the
risk of jaundice or liver cholestasis (impaired bile flow).

Trenbolone is understood to considerably reduce fat mass whereas facilitating muscle progress.
Some bodybuilders also employ trenbolone as a chopping steroid to speed up fat loss while sustaining muscle on fewer calories.
Anavar and testosterone are widely regarded as the
least harmful anabolic steroids regarding ldl cholesterol.
In our experience, the cardiovascular pressure of Anavar is marginally greater than that of testosterone.

In this case a lack of libido as a result
of testosterone deficiency normally underlies the erectile dysfunction. The mechanism for this is unclear, but, provided
that estradiol, independently of testosterone,
also performs a job in regulating erectile operate (194), it'd
contain an imbalance between androgenic and estrogenic action. Erectile dysfunction may also be a consequence
of psychological factors, as libido may rise sharply in an AAS user during the cycle and sometimes hinder a healthy and mutual sexual relationship.
Abuse of anabolic steroids, nevertheless, can lead to vital hurt to the
physique. In horses, for instance, anabolic
steroids can cause liver harm and weakening of the tendons and can outcome in decreased testis
measurement and sperm production in stallions and altered reproductive
cycling in mares. Anabolic steroids are commonly abused by human athletes to build muscle and enhance power.

There’s no one-size-fits-all method, so what works
for the next man won't be best for you in any respect.
Zits comes about because of elevated exercise of the oil-producing sebaceous glands
due to the androgen effects of some steroids. One research found that over 40% of steroid customers skilled
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These can range greatly from person to person, as some people
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Night Time sweats, anxiousness, melancholy, extreme aggression, huge toxicity, feeling unwell,
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It binds to serotonin receptors in your brain, thus issues that often make you cheerful, just don’t.
It will seemingly break the legislation of physics, as you lose
fats and acquire muscle on the identical time.
This has significant advantages but additionally offers you some sense of invincibility, however again, most
users are nonetheless best advised to stick with commonplace rep
ranges for damage avoidance. Some steroids, like Deca, are distinctive
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Steroid stacks mix two or extra compounds so you'll find a way to mix their benefits and obtain larger outcomes than utilizing only one compound alone.
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or extra compounds in a cycle. This is a 10-week cycle; however (very important) – Anadrol ought to only be used for the first three weeks!

If you’re a male in your late teens and early 20s who remains to be
bodily growing, you could have the next risk of adverse unwanted effects like acne and scarring,
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to assume they’re ready to leap into a complicated cycle just because there are
a few steroid cycles underneath the belt. This is a potentially grave mistake, though – the final thing you need to be doing is speeding into advanced steroid use when you’re gentle
on expertise. Regardless Of the doubtless very powerful advantages,
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combined and used at the similar time, known as stacking
(de Ronde & Smit, 2020). Anabolic steroids are most commonly taken by injection into the muscle, orally
with drugs, or as topical lotions or gels (National
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But not simply one thousand energy of anything; clearly, you will need to give consideration to how much protein you’re taking and
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Long-term dietary supplementation with an antioxidant combination together
with NAC normalizes aging-induced oxidative stress, cortical β-secretase and NEP exercise, and Aβ42 levels, and also has been proven to enhance spatial memory (Sinha et al.,
2010, 2016). NAC attenuates excess oxidative stress-induced PP2A inhibition (Chen et al., 2008; Raghuraman et al., 2009) and inhibits Zn2+ activation of GSK3β and tau
hyperphosphorylation (Kwon et al., 2015). NAC also converts
TTR into its native state (Henze et al., 2013), which might enhance its Aβ-complexing/elimination capability.
Thus, other antioxidants could also be much more effective than NAC, corresponding to activators of the
master antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, which as noted above is downregulated by abnormal sex-Safe Steroid Alternatives for Women’s Training levels, excess oxidative stress, excessive GSK3β activity, and during
aging (see part 6.3). Nrf2 activators broadly attenuate many various
sources of oxidative stress including superoxide
anion and H2O2 by growing actions of hundreds of antioxidant and detoxifying proteins (Hybertson et al., 2011; Gorrini et al., 2013;
Ma, 2013; Cuadrado et al., 2018).
When gonadal operate was regular before an AAS cycle, there was a 90% likelihood of getting
normal testosterone ranges three months after cessation and a one
hundred pc probability at the finish of follow-up (1 12 months after the start of the cycle).
At the group stage, imply testosterone levels returned to baseline 3 months after
cessation. Importantly, 37% of the subjects had signs of irregular gonadal operate at baseline of
which 95% had a historical past of AAS use. This might be defined by incomplete
restoration of the HPGA because of current AAS use or prolonged or persistent hypogonadism
from previous use. A case-control study also suggests
that AAS use leads to a persistent small reduction in testosterone levels
(177). Nevertheless, latest or present unreported AAS use, reverse causality and
other elements inherent to a case-control research design make it troublesome to
determine a true cause-and-effect relationship.

Sixty-two p.c provided postcycle restoration info; nevertheless, only 12.5% of the websites offered data or recommendations for non-AAS options.

One of the eight websites (12.5%), anabolics.com, supplied non-AAS dietary supplements
and did not offer any type of testosterone, synthetic AAS, or ED medicines.
Nonetheless, every of their supplements was named synonymously with the
well-known artificial AAS agent for which their supplement mimicked.
A representative example is D-ANABOL 25 composed of rhodiola root powder, fenugreek seed
extract, cyanotis vaga extract, inosine, and
clary sage leaf extract, allowing categorization as a natural complement by the USFDA.
But the displayed product description of anticipated results using D-ANABOL 25 is nearly equivalent to the outcomes described with
using Dianabol, a broadly used artificial AAS, in accordance with several forums on the steroid.com website.

It may help scale back joint ache, an issue we frequently
cope with when turning into extra lean during slicing.

Moreover, due to possible issues with prolactin being elevated,
which can eliminate the libido, a prolactin antagonist is commonly beneficial for use with Tren to
assist preserve the intercourse drive. If you’re going to run a
Trenbolone cycle, check out my complete Trenbolone Acetate cycle information. For the HAARLEM
research, we made a qualitative inventory of the products obtained by our
one hundred research participants (Table 1).
Therapy with comparatively excessive doses of AASs leads to a decrease sperm rely, and sperm motility [84, 86–89].

Each high and low doses of AASs considerably lowered the sperm motility
in comparability with the management group. A Number Of studies reported the relationship between AASs assumption with infertility and carcinogenesis development [90–91].
With regards to the theoretical genotoxic effects on DNA, it ought to be pointed out that AAS results are linked to dosage and
frequency of administration. Therefore abusers abide by strict and managed administration regimens resorting to specific strategies.

In these sports, muscle energy, size, and power directly relate to
total efficiency. In competitive sports activities,
steroid dosing tends to be pretty conservative to keep away from detection. Muscle mass is not the primary concern right here, as they’re used extra for restoration and elevated energy output (6, 7).

Athletes using AAS can experience strength gains of 5–20% and weight features of four.5–11 kilos (2–5 kg), which may be as a outcome of a rise in lean body
mass (5).
Testosterone, and a select few different AAS such as nandrolone and oxandrolone, may
additionally be prescribed for different medical
conditions (e.g., osteoporosis or aplastic anemia). Besides this legitimate medical use, AAS are extensively used – or rather, abused – for their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in dosages far
exceeding those used therapeutically. For brevity,
within the the rest of this evaluation we employ
the term ‘AAS use’ to refer to the nonmedical high-dose abuse of AAS.
Supraphysiologic dosages of AASs have been primarily used
for efficiency enhancement in athletes and for a muscular appearance in physique builders and nonelite
athletes (3, 9).
This relatively simple synthetic step hides the considering that in all probability lay behind the design of THG.
Given the close homology of their receptors, there is an overlap between the
activity of progestogens and androgens, particularly those xenobiotic steroids that
lack the C-19 methyl group, but which exercise predominates is dependent upon whether the alkyl
substituent at carbon-17 is ethynyl or ethyl. Substitution of the 17α-H with an ethynyl group on nandrolone, a 19-nor
anabolic steroid with some progestational activity, will result in a potent orally energetic
progestogen, this being known as norethisterone (norethindrone),
a steroid that's nonetheless utilized in some contraceptives today.
However, substitution with an ethyl group on nandrolone
rather than ethynyl group results in one other anabolic steroid
known as norethandrolone, which also has oral exercise.
Gestrinone, is a pharmaceutically out there progestogen that lacks the C-19 angular methyl group however has a 17α-ethynyl group, and it
follows that reduction of this ethynyl group to
the tetrahydro product should make THG a ‘potent' androgen.

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