徐涛刘合心：榆林新明楼魏忠贤铜像考 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《榆林新明楼魏忠贤铜像考》
作　　者：徐涛刘合心
出　　处：文博 2002年03期
发表时间：2002-03-01
文　　摘：

在榆林城内南大街中央,有一大型木构楼阁建筑——新明楼(又称星明楼) ，内有一尊大型铜造像。
1998年,故宫博物院朱家清氵晋等先生在观看造像后，提出了质疑，认为并非佛教或道教造像,有可能是明代延绥镇某位监军太监造像。2000 年及2001 年,陕西省文物鉴定组赴榆林进行馆藏文物鉴定时，我们两次对这尊铜造像进行了细致的考察,认为它其实并非一尊普通造像,而是明末大宦官魏忠贤的造像。

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=wenb200203016
关键词：新明楼魏忠贤
正　　文：

　　塞上名城榆林,秦汉时为上郡,唐代则属银州。明正统二年筑榆林城,成化九年(1473年) 延绥巡抚余子俊将延绥镇署自绥德迁至榆林,随后在成化、弘治、正德年间三拓其城,逐步形成现在的城市布局。康熙元年九月,清政府裁撤延绥巡抚,雍正九年设榆林府 ……

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参考文献：

注　释
①见赵立瀛主编《陕西古建筑》第六章第一节“榆林城”。陕西人民出版社1992 年11 月。
②以上参见《陕西省志·文物志》第三章古建筑第三节。陕西省地方志编纂委员会编,三秦出版社1995 年8 月:《中国文地图集·陕西分册》下册榆林地区榆林市。国家文物局主编,西安地图出版社1998 年12 月;《陕西名胜古迹》榆林地区榆林县历史文物概况。陕西省文物管理委员会编,陕西人民出版社1986 年12 月。
③《榆林府志·卷五》城池。清·李熙龄等撰,道光二十一年版,陕西省考古研究所藏所书。
④《延绥镇志》清·谭吉璁等纂修,康熙十二年抄本。《中国方志丛书·华北地方·第三○五号》成文出版有限公司印行。
⑤在新明楼底层,有数件记载新明楼维修状况的木匾形题记。除上世纪80 年代及光绪元年维修纪录外,还有嘉庆二十四年、光绪二十七年维修“磨洗阁”等处的记载,似与新明楼无关,故此处不再论述。
⑥见《榆林市志》卷二十三文物志,第一章第二节。榆林市志编纂委员会编,三秦出版社1996 年12 月。
⑦《图开胜迹》6 册,存榆林市档案馆。笔者存其复印本。
⑧《陕西古建筑》、《陕西省志·文物志》未提及;《陕西名胜古迹》称造像;《中国文地图集·陕西分册》、《榆林市志》、《榆林文史揽胜》称佛像。
⑨《榆林府志·卷四十四》艺文志。
[10]见《中国文地图集·陕西分册》下册,榆林地区榆林市。
[11]《榆林市志》卷十一城乡建设志第一章第二节。
[12]《明史·卷六十八》志第44 ,舆服四,中华书局1977 年第一版,以下同。
[13]韩城禹王殿原址在村镇,1980 年迁至芝川镇司马坡。该殿有“元元统三年(1355 年) 乙亥岁创建”墨书题记。见《陕西古建筑》第六章第二节。
[14]见陈娟娟《明代丝绸艺术》图八。《故宫博物院院刊》1992年1 期。
[15][16]见《陕西省志·文物志》第三章古建筑第三节慧照寺塔、福昌寺千佛铁塔。
[17]此像原在韩城城隍庙内,现已搬至韩城市博物馆陈列。
[18]穆青、汤伟健《明代民窑青花》河北人民出版社2000 年11月。
[19]明·沈德符《万历野获编》补遗卷二,阁臣赐蟒之始。元明史料笔记从刊,中华书局1997 年。
[20][21]《明史·卷六十七》志第43 ,舆服三。
[22]以上参见《明史》各人传纪。
[23]《明史·卷六十四》志第40 ,仪卫。
[24]见《中国美术全集·绘画编13·寺观壁画》文物出版社,1988年。
[25]徐达与李文忠像均见周锡保《中国古代服饰史》第一章图二十、二十一,中国戏剧出版社1984 年。
[26]参见郑景胜、郑艳萍《北镇庙壁画人物是谁?》中的常遇春像。《文物天地》1994 年6 期。
[27]《明史·卷七十四》志第50 ,职官三。
[28][29][52][57]明·刘若愚《酌中志》卷之十九,内臣服佩记略,北京古籍出版社1994 年5 月,以下同。
[30]《酌中志》卷之五,三朝典礼之臣记略。田义,西安人,曾任南京守备,万历中任司礼监掌印太监。
[31]《酌中志》卷之九,正监蒙难记略。杜茂,陕西人,天启初任司礼监秉笔太监,曾任承天监守备。咸阳市秦都区北杜镇福昌寺千佛铁塔,即由他出资修建,从姓氏地望看,应该为本地人。
[32][36][37]清·谷应泰《明史记事本末·卷之七十一》魏忠贤乱政中华书局1977 年2 月。
[33]《明史·卷三百五》列传193 ,宦官传二,魏忠贤。
[34][38][39]《明史·卷三百六》列传194 ,阉党,阎鸣泰传。
[35]明·郑仲夔《耳新》卷七,转引自王春瑜、杜婉言《明代宦官与经济史料初探》附录:“明代宦官与江南经济”。中国社会科学出版社1986 年9 月。
[40]明·朱长祚《玉镜新谭》卷七建祠,元明史料笔记丛刊,中华书局1989 年9 月。
[41][47]《明实录·熹宗》第70 册,卷八六、卷八四。
[42]见吴廷燮《明督抚年表》卷三延绥,所引《万历庚戌进士题名录》,中华书局1982 年6 月。
[43]见《明史·卷二百四十三》列传131 邹元标、冯从吾传。
[44]见《明史·卷二百四十四》列传132 周起元传。
[45]见《明督抚年表》卷三延绥所引《剥复录》。
[46]《玉镜新谭》卷四彳复赉。
[48][49]《明□宗□皇帝实录》七年十月、十一月《明实录》附录之一,中央研究院历史语言研究所校印本。
[50]参见清·夏燮《明通鉴》卷八十一,中华书局1959 年第一版。
[51]明·韩纩等撰《钦定逆案》,选自清钞《明季野史汇编》,中国野史集成续编编委会、四川大学图书馆编
《中国野史大观·续编》第20 册,巴蜀书社2000 年第一版。
[53]《酌中志》卷之四,恭纪今上瑞征。
[54]《酌中志》卷之十四,客魏始末纪略。
[55]《榆林府志·卷八》建置志,祠祀。
[56]《玉镜新谭》卷七,建祠。
[58][59][61]《明史·卷三百九》列传第197 ,李自成。
[60]参见《明史·卷二十二》本纪第22 ,熹宗及列传第148 杨鹤传。
[62]参见《清史稿·卷四》本纪4 ,世祖本纪一及卷四百七十四,列传261 ,吴三桂传,中华书局1977 年第一版。
[63]见《清史稿·卷二百五十七》列传44 ,许占魁传。

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Instead, it is a synthetic type of the thyroid hormone
triiodothyronine. This hormone is important to normal metabolic processes, which could hint at its potential for slicing and
fat loss. Halotestin is best used as a strength-enhancing steroid,
and this could provide an enormous profit in a bulking cycle even when Halotestin itself
does not contribute a lot or in any respect to lean muscle development.
The increased vitality and aggression it causes can lead to constructive outcomes within the gym if you know how to channel and management the aggression in your workouts.
A 2-week Clenbuterol cycle is the beneficial most, with at least that
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Most users usually pyramid the dosage, however everybody will expertise
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Halotestin is best recognized for its excessive
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Typically utilized by powerlifters and combat athletes, it rapidly
increases drive output and coaching aggression without including unnecessary bulk.

The effects of methylphenidate include increased wakefulness and energy.
Meperidine is misused when it's taken in a means or dose that’s
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It is also a strong mid-cycle compound the place you
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Nevertheless, the initial cycle may be the most deleterious as
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Estradiol specifically is extraordinarily potent at suppressing
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Consequently, exogenously administered AAS will also exert unfavorable suggestions,
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The time course and components affecting HPGA recovery
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Serum creatinine levels are commonly used to estimate the glomerular filtration price (eGFR) using formulas such because the Continual Kidney Illness Epidemiology
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Corticosteroids have been used to scale back irritation, prevent the rejection of transplanted
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This is the persona change one might experience because of taking anabolic steroids.
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This is a 10-week cycle; nonetheless (very important) – Anadrol
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Mass and strength increases are the game’s name right here, and you'll notice
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Additionally, many individuals used different medicine concurrently with AAS, together with compounds with the potential to promote hair loss, similar to thyroid hormone.
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Bodybuilders use Sustanon 250 to achieve bulk and muscle mass, enhance restoration, enhance stamina and power, and retain a heightened anabolic state.
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is taken into account gentle in comparability with
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Some people who use anabolic steroids continue taking the medicine regardless of
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The proportion of those that continue to make use of in spite of unfavorable penalties just isn't
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Individuals who misuse steroids report experiencing health results
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This misuse can considerably have an effect on bodily health, but steroid use can also
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This stack combines the most effective protected and efficient alternate options to Anavar, Winstrol, and Clenbuterol.
The name of the sport with this stack is a complete focus on fat burning and getting lean, maintaining muscle and revealing your abs,
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power and endurance whereas you’re dieting. I’ll think about NPP and Anavar here as a result of I already covered Winstrol, Primo, Tren,
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12-week cycle, together with ideas for newbie, moderate, and heavy users.
You may also discover peptides helpful for
PCT as a result of their effects on efficiency and providing some anti-catabolic safety without the unfavorable impression on recovering
your HPTA performance. One of the largest challenges in a standard
bulking cycle is controlling water weight, maintaining features through efficient anti-estrogens, and implementing PCT.

References:

PedsElite

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Ѭ͎ 岛Аģ�Ԝ–тķ�&# -- [未验证] Ginger (2025-11-01 09:50:11)

Whereas many results of steroid use on fertility may be reversible, there are potential long-term issues to consider.
Continual use of anabolic steroids can result in permanent damage to the ovaries and other reproductive organs.
Situations corresponding to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may be exacerbated by steroid use, leading to prolonged infertility and different
health issues. Anavar, also referred to as Oxandrolone, is a well-liked anabolic steroid that was initially developed within the Sixties
to help patients acquire weight after surgery or persistent illness.
Over the years, it has gained a following, significantly among feminine athletes and bodybuilders, who appreciate
its potential for selling lean muscle mass without excessive weight
achieve. " it’s important to delve into its effects and how it interacts with the female body.
The use of most of these substances causes hormonal imbalances and testicular shrinkage. Anabolic steroids are artificial derivatives of testosterone that have been developed specifically as muscle-building agents and efficiency enhancers. These compounds have beneficial results of increasing muscle mass and energy, results generally desired by bodybuilders and athletes. Our research energy lies in a comprehensive review of 32 publications systematically reviewed that specifically attempt to outlay the unfavorable effects on the fertility of AAS users.
If the patient wishes being pregnant inside the next 6 months and has not but began, they should abstain from initiating TTh until being pregnant has been achieved. If they need pregnancy within 6 months and are already receiving TTh, it is suggested that they stop all TTh and observe a recovery routine equivalent to what was detailed within the previous section. Apparently, despite being greatest known for its use in breast cancer, tamoxifen was initially synthesized as a potential contraceptive in 1962 within the pharmaceutical laboratories of British chemical group ICI. When it was found to actually stimulate ovulation, like clomiphene, its growth was deserted till it was co-opted to be used in breast cancer within the 1980's [63]. In Contrast To CC, tamoxifen is type of active within the periphery which is what permits for its success in treating hormone-sensitive breast most cancers. It has also proven to be an efficient remedy for early onset gynecomastia in males [64]. However similar to CC, it has been demonstrated to elevate gonadotropins and improve SA parameters in sub-fertile males [65].
Throughout AAS withdrawal, depressive episodes have been reported among untreated AAS users along with the significant decrease on the IIEF sexual need subscale [23]. Withdrawal syndrome and dependency had been additionally described, and the chance of psychiatric results is larger the place there's earlier psychiatric historical past, or alcohol or drug abuse [22]. These "steroid-accessory" drugs are used for a selection of causes and can be grouped according to their desired effect (Table 2).
For instance, the number of AAS abusers are uncommon in Eastern Asia however excessive in Brazil, Commonwealth nations, Europe and North America (Pope, Wooden, et al., 2014b). In the hunt for peak bodily performance and muscle mass, anabolic steroids have emerged as a popular, but controversial, shortcut. These synthetic substances, designed to mimic the consequences of the male sex hormone testosterone, promise enhanced energy and stamina. Use of anabolic steroids can lower the manufacturing of sperm to infertile ranges and interrupt spermatogenesis (normal sperm development).
The body can generally restore its hormonal stability and resume regular sperm manufacturing. However, the time required for recovery can differ widely among people, and in some instances, the damage may be long-lasting or everlasting. Testosterone performs a big role within the growth of the testicles, spermatogenesis, our libido and our ability to keep up an erection. Another important role of testosterone is its role within the pituitary–hypothalamus system. Testosterone supplies adverse feedback to the pituitary gland to regulate the hormones liable for triggering sperm manufacturing.
Scheme summarizing the actions of Anabolic-androgenic steroids on the completely different techniques of the female organism. Hormones such as testosterone, 5-α-DHT, and estradiol substantially influence biochemical and physiological pathways, impacting cell structure and performance (Berman et al., 2003, Sarrel, 2002, Bertin et al., 2014). Although androgens play a role in estrogen synthesis, their unbiased actions also contribute to physiological results (Ceccarelli et al., 2022, Labrie et al., 2001, Smith and Batur, 2001). In goal tissues, the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme transforms circulating testosterone into 5-α-DHT, which is predominantly aromatized by the aromatase enzyme into estradiol (Smith and Batur, 2001). The active ingredient in Anavar is an artificial form of testosterone known as oxandrolone, which can interfere with the body’s natural hormone manufacturing.
Throughout this review, we point out remedy options for a number of unwanted effects; these should not be thought of strict recommendations, as they're largely a reflection of how AAS users self-medicate or what is known from the literature. It remains debatable whether or not physicians should medically target negative effects of AAS use. Obviously, discontinuing AAS would be the popular solution for virtually every facet impact. This could possibly be inspired by patient schooling on the possible risks and addressing psychological issues that preserve AAS use, similar to body dysmorphia and dependancy. If the affected person is nonetheless unwilling to stop, physicians might consider therapy to reduce back harm, as is customary in the approach and remedy of, for example, smokers and alcoholics. Throughout treatment with anabolic steroids, clinicians ought to periodically obtain the affected person's lipid profile, hepatic function tests, hemoglobin, hematocrit (at three to 6 months, then every year), PSA, and testosterone ranges.
True rates of utilization are troublesome to determine, as studies have shown that over half of males who use anabolic steroids for non-medical reasons do not tell their physicians that they're utilizing these substances. Nevertheless, the impression of anabolic steroid use on male fertility is quite clear, with the vast majority of men suffering a big adverse impact on sperm manufacturing and high quality. It is due to this fact very important for all men utilizing anabolic steroids to report their use to their fertility doctor if they are making an attempt to conceive. There are some drugs, each authorized and illegal, that may have a adverse impact on male fertility.

References:

Dianabol Product Overview

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Ѭ͎ 岛Аģ�Ԝ–тķ�&# -- [未验证] Madonna (2025-11-01 09:38:39)

It is feasible that certain designer steroid medication may escape detection as a outcome of they are built to
be much less detectable. Nonetheless, the World Anti-Doping Agency works with many laboratories
to develop tests to improve detection of performance-enhancing medication in the body.
Corticosteroids are produced within the adrenal gland
situated above the kidney. These hormones embody aldosterone, which helps regulate
sodium focus within the body, and cortisol, which plays many roles
in the body, including serving as a part of the body's stress response system to decrease irritation. Serum testosterone degree
must be measured two to eight hours after utility and after fourteen days of starting the therapy or with dose titration in sufferers using a topical resolution of testosterone.
The Endocrinology Society suggests that it might be judicious to keep away
from remedy with testosterone in males who've a history of heart assault
(myocardial infarction) and stroke within the final six months 75,
seventy six. Corticosteroids or glucocorticoids antiinflammatory properties are used to reduce irritation.
Both men and women normally have testosterone circulating in their bodies, though the amount in males is much
larger. Testosterone works to promote the looks of male secondary sexual traits, corresponding
to a deepening voice and the growth of physique and facial
hair. TRT is designed for individuals with low testosterone
levels as a outcome of medical reasons. It’s not meant for those
looking for to enhance their performance or physique.

Many steroid users have reported increased power ranges and aggressiveness.
Researchers have used several several varieties of psychological testing to find whether
or not this change is a factor that could account for some efficiency
positive aspects which are attributed to steroids.
There’s far more than just one issue that contributes
to how lengthy a steroid can be detected by way of drug testing.
There are so many elements that it’s beyond your energy to
regulate all of them. Still, you can go a good distance in accurately predicting how
lengthy you could be at risk of steroid detection simply by understanding how each issue
influences the detection timeframe. We can also consider metabolites because of changing one
chemical compound into one other.
You have to run an extended cycle with Equipoise because of its lengthy half-life of about
15 days, resulting in a slower onset of effects in the early stages.
After you achieve some expertise using a selected steroid, you’ll get a good
idea of if you really feel the advantages reducing. You’ll then have the power to plan your cycles extra precisely
to realize maximum benefit from every steroid. In most cases, following the recommendations of skilled users by way of frequency of
administration is still likely to give you the finest outcomes – after all, most of the best anabolic
steroids have been in use for many many years. Lots Of
of hundreds of individuals have already worked out the perfect method to
use them, so there’s little cause to attempt to reinvent
the wheel. Nonetheless, there are also different types of steroids, together with
anabolic and intercourse hormone steroids. Corticosteroids and
sex hormone steroids usually are not abused in the same way as anabolic steroids for athletic efficiency.

The oral bioavailability of AAS could be increased by making the mother
or father molecule more lipid-soluble by the esterification course of described
within the earlier paragraph. This modification permits a larger fraction of the absorbed AAS to enter the lymphatic system and bypass first-pass metabolism.
Nonetheless, even after esterification of testosterone by an 11-carbon carboxylic acid group (undecanoate), oral bioavailability remains
poor at 6.8% (9). The formulation additionally reveals large intra- and interindividual
variation in bioavailability, making it cumbersome for substitute remedy.

To tackle this, testosterone undecanoate has just lately been formulated in a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) to further improve lymphatic absorption and reduce intra- and interindividual variation (10).
Nevertheless, it needs to be dosed twice day by day to keep
up physiological testosterone ranges all through the day.
An different strategy centers round considerably retarding metabolism
of the compound.
If you’re going to run a Proviron cycle, take a look at
my full Proviron (Mesterolone) cycle guide.

Once More, this process is important for muscle progress and stopping muscle loss during cutting cycles.
Biking, stacking, and pyramiding are three common ways that anabolic
steroid abusers take their drugs. Cycling refers to taking
a steroid for a period, stopping for the physique to relaxation, after which restarting again. If folks use
a couple of type of steroid at a time, that is referred
to as stacking. There is the belief that utilizing two or extra steroids at a
time will increase the effectiveness of every.

We have discovered that a SERM could also be a better choice than an AI (aromatase inhibitor), because the latter can worsen blood lipids, increasing the chance of hypertension. Anadrol, like Superdrol,
may be very hepatotoxic, inflicting high AST (aspartate transaminase) and ALT (alanine transaminase) levels in analysis (3).
Our patients have successfully decreased hepatic injury
by supplementing with TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid).
Nevertheless, not every bodybuilder is keen on needles, and if AAS are incorrectly administered
through intramuscular Sustanon 250 injection frequency,
it can end result in paralysis or death (1). As part of the faculty, he accomplished a medical training fellowship and obtained a certificates in innovation in curriculum design and analysis.
He was the fellowship director on the Center for East-West Drugs and led
programs for physician fellows, residents, and
medical students. Justin Laube, MD, is a board-certified integrative and internal
medicine doctor, a teacher, and a marketing consultant with
intensive experience in integrative health, medical training, and
trauma healing.
Many athletes and bodybuilders rely on anabolic androgenic steroids to spice
up efficiency, enhance power, and achieve speedy
muscle progress whereas preventing muscle loss. Postmenopausal girls receiving 50 mg
nandrolone decanoate each 4 weeks for a 12 months, superimposed on hormonal alternative remedy (HRT; 2 mg estradiol daily), reported extra voice complaints
than these receiving HRT solely (220). Objectively, there was
a lack of high frequencies and a lower mean frequency during speech, in addition to increased voice
creakiness and instability as assessed by a speech pathologist.

You should contemplate the cycle size, which is ready to change
how you use issues like peptides right here. Also, you won’t need the long-term HGH use on a 12-week cycle, however it helps improve features
in the course of the cycle (as are others like IGF). You can add
a whole vary of bulking steroids as a secondary (and even third) compound, together with each orals and injectables.
At the decrease end, beneath 500mg, you’re looking at testosterone substitute and a
few noticeable boost to energy, power, recovery, and positive aspects.
However, taking no much less than 500mg weekly is normal, often increasing to 1000mg for important gains.
Not Often will it's needed to increase the Check dosage to wherever close to 2000mg.

How much you achieve and maintain after each cycle will come
down to private elements, however even a 5-10lbs maintainable achieve from each cycle
will accumulate through the years.

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