王臻：萨尔浒战役前后之后金与明朝、朝鲜关系探析 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《萨尔浒战役前后之后金与明朝、朝鲜关系探析》
　　　　　An Analysis of the Triangle Relation among Later Jin State and Korea and the Ming Dynasty before and after the Battle of Sarhu
作　　者：王臻
　　　　　(1969 —) ,男,山东诸城人,延边大学历史系副教授,吉林大学历史系博士后。
出　　处：《辽宁大学学报》（哲学社会科学版）
发表时间：2006-05-00
分类号：K249
文　　摘：

建州女真首领努尔哈赤建立后金政权后,同腐朽、没落的明朝展开了争夺天下的对峙斗争;但因担心明朝与朝鲜的联合,于是积极拉拢朝鲜.明帝国衰落,急需得到朝鲜的军事支持,夹攻后金.朝鲜光海君既要听命于宗主国明皇朝,又不得不顾忌强盛的后金政权的威胁,故只好在明与后金之间左右周旋,明哲保身.如此一来,在1619年萨尔浒战役前后的东北亚政治舞台上,就出现了富有特色的三角关系态势,这对彼时中朝传统政治秩序的演进产生了重大影响.

After Nuerhachi that the leader of Jian zhou Nvzhen set up the Later Jin State ,carried out the opposing st ruggle with the Ming Dynasty ,for worried about the union that the Ming Dynasty and the Korea ,so try to draw the Korea over to it's side. the Ming Dynasty declining ,needs to get military support from the Korea to attack the Later Jin State. The king of the Korea both take orders from the Ming Dynasty and Misgiving the threaten that from the the Later Jin State ,so in an awkward predicament and keep in good repair . This way ,at the political stage of t he Nort heast Asia before and after the Battle of Sarhu ,arisest he characteristict riangle relation ,this produce great influence for the traditional political order evolution at that time.

参考链接：
　　· http://www.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=lndxxb-zxshkxb200605016
关键词：努尔哈赤后金朝鲜光海君王朝明皇朝
正　　文：

　　17 世纪初,中国东北边疆少数民族建州女真首领努尔哈赤建立后金政权后,对没落的明王朝发动了大规模攻击,欲推翻腐朽的明统治,由女真人来掌控天下。明朝为了挽救自己的灭亡命运,既动员国内力量进行反击,又试图利用藩属国朝鲜的力量,来牵扯后金的进 ……

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参考文献：

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〔5〕[朝]李朝实录〔M〕. 朝鲜社会科学院,1976.
〔6〕夏燮. 明通鉴〔M〕. 中华书局,1976 年点校本.
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〔8〕[韩]李肯翊.燃藜室记述〔M〕. 卷23《, 清初史料丛刊》第十三种.
〔9〕[明]姚广孝等. 明实录〔M〕. 明代官修,江苏国学图书馆1940 年传抄影印本.
〔10〕潘　喆,等. 清入关前史料选辑〔A〕. 第1 辑,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989.
〔11〕李善洪. 从十七世纪初朝鲜内外局势看光海君的“两端外交”〔J〕. 松辽学刊,1996 , (1) .
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Each kind of prescription anabolic steroid and every model has totally different potential
unwanted effects. It’s essential to talk to your healthcare
supplier or a pharmacist about attainable unwanted aspect effects of the
particular treatment you’re taking or considering of taking.
Anabolic steroids (artificial androgens) work by activating androgen receptors in your body and mimicking the effects of natural androgens.
Healthcare suppliers present corticosteroids much
more often than anabolic steroids. Common steroids, called
corticosteroids, are drugs that reduce irritation and the exercise of your immune system.

This is why he focuses on converting complicated medical
and scientific ideas into understandable bite-sized items of information.
You can study more about him on social media and on his personal weblog.
Men over forty years of age with baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of greater
than 0.6 ng/mL should have their PSA levels measured and a prostate examination at three to 6 months.

In general, most researchers agree that AASs can work in some people to boost muscle size and power when mixed with a proper
train program and diet (Bagatell & Brenner, 1996; Bhasin et al., 1996).

By distinction, AASs in all probability don't enhance performance of cardio or endurance
activities (Yesalis, 2000). Any of a bunch of synthetic medicine that resemble the male hormone testosterone.
Sinner twice tested optimistic for low ranges of the banned anabolic steroid
clostebol - which can be utilized to construct muscle mass - in March 2024.

In this text, we are going to delve into the advantages,
dangers, and potential misuse of anabolic steroids.
In ladies, abuse results in the emergence of additional muscle
deposits, deeper voice, thicker and coarser body hair, male-pattern baldness, disruption of the
menstrual cycle, and enlargement of the clitoris. Among younger abusers, excessive testosterone ranges in the body can prematurely sign bones to cease growing
and, thus, can stunt progress. In each women and men, steroid abuse contributes to
the danger of coronary heart assault and stroke. Ranges of bad cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein, or LDL) are elevated, whereas these of fine ldl cholesterol (high-density
lipoprotein, or HDL) are decreased. This causes a buildup
of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis), which decreases or finally blocks blood circulate to the center, resulting in a heart
attack, or blood flow to the brain, leading to a stroke.
Blood-filled cysts that develop within the liver might rupture and trigger life-threatening internal
bleeding.
Some believe steroids trigger excessive side effects, but many claims are
exaggerated. Most bodily changes relate to hormone results, commonplace traits.
Controlled use in medical environments goals to deal
with muscle wasting issues or hormone deficiencies.

PDE5 inhibitors are the mainstay drug in erectile dysfunction remedy and are generally tolerated properly, providing passable results.
Facet results embrace headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion, dizziness, transient abnormal vision and cyanopsia
(specific to sildenafil), and back pain and myalgia (specific to tadalafil)
(196). While these medicine are generally already acquired by AAS users from the
black market, they may be prescribed to sufferers suffering from erectile dysfunction which is either natural or psychogenic in nature.
A referral to a sexologist is advised for these in whom a psychogenic cause is probably going – which is widespread in our experience.

Some athletes could appear to get an edge from performance-enhancing drugs.
It's widespread for athletes who train for long amounts of time to use a lab-made kind of erythropoietin known as epoetin. The pressure to
win leads some athletes to make use of medication which may
give them an edge. Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of
the glandular tissue of the breast (197).
The condition is not to be confused with pseudogynecomastia,
additionally referred to as lipomastia or adipomastia, in which
extreme adipose tissue provides the looks of gynecomastia.
Gynecomastia typically develops throughout puberty, with a reported peak incidence of 65% in 14-year-old boys (198).

While palpable, in the nice majority of instances the gynecomastia was
small in size. The nature of erectile dysfunction could be classified as psychogenic, organic or blended psychogenic and organic (193).

As A Result Of of the intimate function of
testosterone in erectile operate, erectile dysfunction can develop as a post-cycle aspect
impact of AAS use.

References:

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ε֩：ɸ�ﲅ�ӛǰ�� -- [未验证] Jame (2025-11-01 11:54:40)

Steroids are chemicals, often hormones, that the body
makes naturally to help organs, tissues, and cells carry out
routine activities. Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones (man-made variations of testosterone) that assist the body within the
development and restore of muscle tissues.
They imitate the male intercourse hormone, testosterone and are sometimes prescribed to boys with delayed puberty, males with
low testosterone ranges (an average male has approximately 300-1,000 ng/dL), and
individuals who lose muscle mass because of cancer, AIDS, and other well being circumstances.
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly used amongst each aggressive athletes and leisure
athletes so as to achieve a performance edge. Sadly, AAS usually carries a broad
range of quick time period and long term opposed results.
These embody endocrinological abnormalities, cardiovascular risks,
psychological points, and largely opposed results on every
organ system in the human body.
There is not any restriction on the possession of these substances when they're a part of a medicinal
product and are for self-administration. Nonetheless, prosecutions of intent
to supply have been made of individuals found in possession of large portions
of these substances and not using a prescription for them.

A Home Office licence is required for importation and exportation of anabolic steroids,
except in instances of small portions for respectable purposes.
Ergogenic makes use of for AAS in sports, racing, and bodybuilding as performance-enhancing drugs are controversial due to their antagonistic results and the potential to gain advantage in bodily competitions.

In international locations the place AAS are managed substances,
there is usually a black market in which smuggled, clandestinely manufactured or even counterfeit
drugs are bought to customers.
Although nearly all customers additionally report adverse effects, these are principally expected, delicate and transient and don't outweigh the useful effects (3).
Likewise, being able to afford an ‘enhanced lifestyle’ (e.g., intensive training routines, particular vitamin, non-public well being checks,
and so on.) was seen as a protective issue against adverse results.
One participant famous that the need to hunt non-public services deepens the inequalities in users’
entry to healthcare, probably increasing the risk of antagonistic effects.
Proficiency in the efficiency of basic workout routines
was thought-about an indicative of when somebody would be "ready"
to make use of anabolic steroids. AAS addiction is mostly thought-about to be a psychic addiction, however the withdrawal effects that happen when AAS use stops clearly point out a component of bodily habit as properly.
A Quantity Of studies have shown that the withdrawal symptoms embrace
despair, fatigue, paranoia, and suicidal thoughts and emotions.

[53] Furthermore, a powerful desire to proceed abusing AASs exists even in the face of adverse consequences; thus,
the medication are continued to be able to provide a continuation of their perceived positive effects and to inhibit withdrawal results.

ND considerably increased MYOG mRNA expression post-injury in grownup
male Wistar rats (30). ND considerably re-established
MyoD expression in response to a hindlimb unloading
situation in grownup mice (3). Equally, ND induced a significant improve
in MyoD mRNA expression seven days post-injury in adult male Wistar rats and a primary impact to
increase after 14 days in eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (30,
38). However, ND administration had no constant effect on MyoD
abundance in four-month-old male Fisher 344x F1 Brown Norway
rats or expression in a normal situation not treated with flutamide in normal mice (25,
33).
Yet there's constant proof that AAS can immediately induce direct pathologic modifications
to the heart [9]. Particular knowledge regarding AAS might help physicians extra accurately screen this affected
person inhabitants, particularly given many of the unknown long term side effects.
In conclusion, this research confirms within the medical literature previous recommendations that
injectable testosterone, artificial AAS, non-AAS hormones,
and other adjunctive therapies are simply bought over the Internet and delivered to
a consumer’s home with out the need for a prescription. Likewise, this
examine additionally confirms that almost all of AAS obtained over the Web are manufactured
by unregulated worldwide pharmacies of unknown quality or content.
The majority of information provided by sites promoting AAS is geared toward
emphasizing the advantages with little acknowledgement of the chance
with AAS use. Subsequently, it's of paramount significance that clinicians
are aware of this considerable drawback given the known vital detrimental results of these agents, together
with long-term infertility and sexual dysfunction. The rising use of
AAS regardless of age, gender, or intended use is a major public well being problem, affecting over 1% of the us inhabitants (Pope et
al., 2014).
If gonadotrophins, testosterone levels and testicular quantity are
normal, obstructive azoo- or oligospermia should be suspected.
If gonadotrophins and testosterone levels are
low, and different causes of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism are
explored and rejected, the wait-and-see policy ought to be
continued for 6 extra months. If hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and oligospermia persist,
spermatogenesis and endogenous testosterone manufacturing can be stimulated by administration of hCG
1500 IU two to 3 instances weekly. Assuming that spermatogenesis has been normal in the pre-AAS
interval, hCG is efficient in restoring spermatogenesis and endogenous testosterone ranges to regular ranges (25).

The speed of restoration of endogenous testosterone manufacturing relies upon totally on the
kind and dose of the anabolic steroids used within the last part of the cycle.
Relying on the kind of fatty acid chain connected to the steroid, the plasma half-life after injection may be weeks or
months (6). Taking into consideration that the administered doses are many times the natural endogenous production, it
might take many weeks earlier than exogenous androgen levels
are low sufficient to permit endogenous testosterone manufacturing to ignite (9).

He reported that on AAS, he felt that nobody may hurt him,
and that he never even thought of that there would be any consequences.
It is widespread for men utilizing AAS to make the
most of injectable AAS for 8–16 weeks at a time, often referred to as a "cycle".27 "Stacking" refers
to the use of a number of AAS/PEDs throughout a cycle. A
cycle is commonly adopted by a period of weeks to
months where users both decrease their AAS dose or abstain utterly to
permit restoration of their hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT)
axis.23 Additional AAS nomenclature is on the market in Table 6.

Physicians caring for both adults and adolescents must be alert to the signs
of AAS abuse and educate patients about its risks.
Education about AASs should begin by the beginning of center college, using
packages that teach alternative, wholesome methods to increase muscle dimension and enhance performance via good nutrition and weight coaching strategies.
Presenting both risks and advantages of AAS use seems to be a simpler way to
educate adolescents concerning the unfavorable effects of illicit steroid use.
A well-known complication of AAS use is infertility, because of the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)
axis and subsequent suppression of spermatogenesis within the testes.
Cessation of AAS use can restore spermatogenesis, however restoration can take a quantity of months to years
(1). Many of those patients are of their prime reproductive years,
and relying on components such because the age of the female associate
and variety of youngsters desired, there could also be a robust want to restore fertility as soon as possible.

To match the AAS users commitment to heavy strength training, we targeted men with bench press
capability of one hundred twenty kg (~ 265 pounds) for no much less than one repetition, with one hundred kg (~ 220 pounds) because
the minimum inclusion criteria. Recruitment strategies involved
outreach via various web boards, social media platforms, and local gyms in Oslo.
In the present research we aimed to evaluate vascular operate via both
CAR% and FMD, hypothesizing that extended AAS use detrimentally influence vascular health, resulting in diminished CAR% and
FMD. Facet results of creatine can embody gaining weight and cramps within the belly or muscular tissues.
The physique turns andro into the hormone testosterone and
a form of the hormone estrogen. For a more elaborate explanation of how I would method my first steroid cycle and every subsequent cycle thereafter
if I could go back in time, I highly recommend you read my article that particulars what I consider to be clever dosage titration and "stacking"
practices.
Related results were reported by Krieg et al. who noticed a decreased Em/Am ratio on the basal part of the interventricular septum in a small group
of AAS-using bodybuilders in contrast with steroid-free energy athletes and sedentary controls (216).
Em/Am ratio is the ratio between the velocity of the
myocardial wall during early diastole (Em) and
late diastole (Am), and a lower in this ratio is indicative of diastolic dysfunction. LDL-cholesterol
is mostly unaffected by injectable AAS corresponding to testosterone enanthate (up to 600 mg weekly) (15,
34, 37, 119–121) and nandrolone decanoate (up to 200 mg
weekly) (123, 124), with one trial showing a 16% lower after 6 weeks of
200 mg testosterone enanthate weekly (118).
Oral AAS again demonstrate unfavorable adjustments, constantly increasing LDL-cholesterol (38, 118,
121, a hundred twenty five, 126). In the HAARLEM study, LDL-cholesterol elevated by zero.forty five mmol/L in contrast with baseline (46).
Erythrocytosis, or polycythemia, a rise in blood hematocrit or hemoglobin levels, is a standard facet effect of AAS
use, even on replacement dosages. It is probably the most frequent opposed event in older males receiving testosterone substitute remedy (TRT)
(40).

References:

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ε֩：ɸ�ﲅ�ӛǰ�� -- [未验证] Curt (2025-11-01 11:47:25)

With the addition of testosterone, the danger of gynecomastia will increase
because of higher estrogen levels. Thus, we sometimes prescribe a
SERM throughout this cycle, corresponding to Nolvadex.
Thus, if an individual features 35 lbs from a 6-week cycle, roughly 20 lbs
will be lean muscle (which will stay after coming
off the steroid).
The current nonsteroidal SARM pharmacophores are analogues of aryl propionamide, bicyclic hydantoin, quinoline and
tetrahydroquinoline (Gao and Dalton, 2007b) (Table 2).
A current cause for concern is the recent manufacture of analogues of established anabolic steroids to tap into the bodybuilding market.
These steroids are provided for oral administration, and are subsequently topic to first-pass metabolism,
an important issue as to the extent the steroid is deactivated or transformed to a more energetic type.

Dianabol will trigger a major increase in muscular strength and dimension. This is due to the compound causing an initial surge in free
testosterone ranges, protein synthesis, and glycogenesis.
Dbol also will increase intracellular water retention, which is
confirmed to extend muscular strength and functional efficiency (1).

Winstrol may be taken anyplace from 10mg day by day to 60mg daily in both oral or injectable
types. It is strongly discouraged for brand spanking new users to begin out
with the upper doses till you possibly can gauge Winstrol’s
potential unwanted effects at the decrease doses. Girls ought
to take very low doses, starting at 2.5mg every day and never exceeding 15 or 20mg day by day.
The unwanted aspect effects of Winstrol, that are just about a certainty for all
users, will almost at all times be the premise for unfavorable evaluations and experiences with this
steroid. Nonetheless, for many customers, the opposed effects can outweigh any positives and result in a very adverse experience utilizing Winstrol –
even typically stopping its use altogether before finishing a cycle.

Regardless Of this, even very low doses have been shown in research to
end in over a 50% lower in testosterone manufacturing in simply two weeks.

Winstrol is in a position to improve fat burning whereas simultaneously including lean muscle tissue due to its profound
ability to lower SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) levels.
In our experience, giant dosages (2,800 mg per week) of testosterone undecanoate
are required for notable positive aspects in mass
and dimension due to its low bioavailability. One Other good factor about oral testosterone vs.
injectable testosterone is its rapid results. In Accordance to analysis,
serum testosterone levels can peak in the bloodstream
simply 5 hours after the first dose of oral testosterone.

Oral anabolic steroids (androgens) are man-made medicine which
have the impact on the body much like testosterone. Oral anabolic steroids are prescribed to treat delayed
puberty in boys, low muscle mass as the outcome of AIDS or HIV, breast
cancer, anemia, and testosterone alternative remedy. Some athletes, bodybuilders
and others misuse these medication in an try to reinforce
performance and/or enhance their physical appearance. Anabolic steroids are the most typical appearance- and
performance-enhancing medication (APEDs).
When a consumer comes off Dianabol, testosterone levels will turn out
to be suppressed. However, it is authorized to obtain Dianabol (and other steroids) right now in countries such as Mexico, where they are often purchased over
the counter at a close-by Walmart store or local pharmacy.
However, in 1990, 32 years after it came to market, Dianabol was banned by the FDA following the Anabolic Steroids Management Act.
It became unlawful within the US for non-medicinal
causes, as a end result of a model new understanding of the steroid’s potential to trigger extreme unwanted
effects. Since AAS abuse is linked to several well being and
legal complications, figuring out how lengthy steroids stay in your
system is crucial to keep away from steroid misuse and its private and legal penalties.
Some customers might find Dianabol to be more practical
than Anadrol for increasing muscular strength; however, the difference can be attributed to the person genetically responding higher to Dianabol.

The most hardcore feminine bodybuilders could have a excessive tolerance for extra extreme unwanted
facet effects and will not even be overly bothered by this.
Nevertheless, suppressing the event of male characteristics as a lot as
attainable for many other girls will be a high precedence in the course of the cycle.
This is the place getting the dosage proper could make all the difference,
and so will minimizing cycle length. Are you female and have NEVER used
a single anabolic steroid in your life? And while you won’t "turn into a person," 99.9% of
females WILL wish to avoid any masculinity… and especially irreversible
results. The Female Bulking Stack is designed to mimic the effects of three
steroids that females would suffer important side effects taking collectively – Dianabol, Deca-Durabolin, and Trenbolone.
The Crazy Bulk options present comparable optimistic results but
get rid of all the harsh sides (no virilization, no liver
toxicity or ldl cholesterol improve, and no acne).
When Anavar (oxandrolone) was first produced, it was authorized to purchase for bodybuilding functions.

Medical Doctors would prescribe it to people wanting bigger muscle tissue, more power, or
to burn off extra fat. Users’ genetic makeup will decide
the extent of hair loss they'll experience.

References:

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ε֩：ɸ�ﲅ�ӛǰ�� -- [未验证] Charla (2025-11-01 11:45:58)

To scale back the risk of harm, bodybuilders can raise lighter weights and perform more repetitions.
This won't scale back muscle gains, as we now have found lighter weights to
be just as effective for constructing hypertrophy
as heavy weights. Because the "come down" on Anadrol is severe, we generally see steroid customers go for a milder
steroid corresponding to Deca Durabolin after coming off
to aid this transition. Such a protocol can also help
customers retain extra power and muscle gains skilled from an Anadrol cycle.
There are several variations of anabolic steroids of
which testosterone is probably the most potent, determining even the level of aggressiveness in an individual.

This hormone is produced in men and women, but in small
quantities within the female.
Surprisingly, hepatic toxicity was observed in lower
than 10% of the sufferers. In a 2003 research, 89 women and men who were
HIV/AIDS constructive took 100–150 mg of Anadrol per day for 16 weeks (6).
Nevertheless, Anadrol and other steroids may cause increases in visceral fats (5).

In this text, we'll discover the several types of steroids and their varied applications.
Orally ingested AAS are rapidly absorbed within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with serum concentrations peaking 1–2 hours after ingestion of methyltestosterone (8).
With Out structural modification to withstand first-pass metabolism, a large fraction of
the absorbed AAS will be metabolized before leaving the liver and re-entering
the circulation. For example, after oral administration of
25 mg testosterone, lower than 1 mg (4%) becomes systemically out
there (9). The oral bioavailability of AAS can be increased by making the mother or father molecule extra lipid-soluble by the esterification course of described within the earlier paragraph.

Research signifies that if an individual administers
Anavar and does not lift weights, any improvements in muscular power or
mass may be short-term (23). Subsequently, any increase in muscle hypertrophy diminishes following cycle cessation. The main objective of post-cycle therapy is to restart endogenous testosterone manufacturing.
This aids in normalizing hormone ranges for optimum physiological
and psychological well being, in addition to retaining outcomes from a cycle.
We have additionally noticed reduced muscle hypertrophy in sufferers
utilizing finasteride. Thus, taking this medication might counteract
the anabolic effects of Anavar, inflicting bodybuilders to be
unhappy with their results.
Due to those traits, Deca Durabolin is well-known for selling
joint relief, and for a lot of athletes that’s the one
purpose they’ll use it. Due to these traits, as well as its capability to increase
pink blood cell count, we are able to start to see what types of therapeutic advantages this steroid can maintain. Anadrol is used to promote massive features in mass, muscle, and energy and to
enhance restoration. It boosts purple blood cell manufacturing, which carries extra nutrients and oxygen to the muscle
tissue for more powerful pumps, endurance, faster restoration, and
extra vital muscle progress. Boosting size, energy, and stamina are
the core objectives of Anadrole for bodybuilding.
Anadrole is a formula that covers each side of bodybuilding
and promotes muscle growth, power features, stamina, and improved recovery.
It is useful for any function and goal because it excels in multiple
areas, from muscle and power positive aspects to boosting efficiency to enhancing restoration.
There is growing concern worldwide concerning the non-medical use of steroids
and their effects. Healthcare suppliers present corticosteroids rather more often than anabolic steroids.

Anabolic steroids are manufactured medicine that
intently resemble the hormone testosterone or other androgens.

General steroids, called corticosteroids, are
medicines that reduce irritation and the activity of your immune system.
They’re manufactured drugs that carefully resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally.
Thus, the widespread deflation that people observe in past steroid customers is
usually because of an absence of weight coaching somewhat than the absence of AAS.
Nonetheless, steroid customers also can maintain a noticeable pump outside of the fitness center due to greater ranges of blood volume, glycogen, and intracellular
water inside the muscle cell.
These unwanted side effects usually are not related to all anabolic steroids or all customers, as genetics will usually dictate side effects (and severity).
High dosages and extreme cycles will exacerbate any adverse reactions
(8). For example, if someone was genetically prone to heart or liver illness,
taking anabolic steroids long-term can be a really excessive danger in our expertise.
All anabolic steroids are forms of exogenous testosterone and
thus stimulate lipolysis (fat loss). About 1 in four American males over 30 may be impacted by testosterone misuse.

Anavar produces great results, notably by way of strength
and pumps. Take 3+ grams of fish oil and do your cardio, and cholesterol
shouldn’t be an issue, even if you’re delicate to your lipids.
DHEA has been used repeatedly for 4–6 months in trials (21),
which is ample time to recover endogenous testosterone in women. Anavar’s half-life can improve beyond this vary, relying on the age
of the person. For instance, its half-life could be as excessive as thirteen.3
hours within the aged. Thus, if we state the half-life as 10.4 hours, a post-cycle therapy protocol should begin fifty seven hours
after the ultimate dose. Liver harm shouldn't be
discounted as a potential facet impact of Anavar, especially if excessive doses are
administered for prolonged durations.

References:

Equipoise review

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