顾诚：卫所制度在清代的变革 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《卫所制度在清代的变革》
作　　者：顾诚
出　　处：北京师范大学学报(社会科学版) 1988年02期
发表时间：1988-02-00
ＩＳＳＮ：1002-0209.0.1988-02-003
文　　摘：

我在《明前期耕地数新探》一文中曾经指出，明代的卫所在多数情况下是一种军事性质的地理单位，而不仅是一种单纯的军事组织。这个论点的重要根据之一是卫所制度在清代仍然延续了很长时间。道理很明显，如果卫所仅仅是军事组织，我们就很难解释在改朝换代以后，清朝会允许它继续存在。

正　　文：

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�˳ϣ�π̹׆�ɔۇ嵺� -- [未验证] Adolfo (2025-06-12 22:21:00)

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�˳ϣ�π̹׆�ɔۇ嵺� -- [未验证] Jeannie (2025-06-07 09:52:27)

At All Times search the recommendation of your physician or different qualified well being supplier with any questions you may have regarding a medical situation. If you assume you may have a medical emergency, immediately name
your physician or dial 911. Prednisone is often prescribed for a brief while and at low doses, if in any respect possible.

The use of this treatment for a long time, or in higher doses,
can result in serious unwanted aspect effects, corresponding to bone
loss, cataracts, and infections. If you_ve learn something I_ve written about protein powder or dietary supplements,
you understand that I_ve received a soft spot for Nutricost.
The worth right here is actually strong, and if you_re simply in search of a giant tub of creatine
monohydrate _ the one type of creatine you need to be shopping for, by the greatest
way _ you can_t go mistaken with Nutricost. If you_re on the lookout for something to whack right into a protein shake or slug down with some water, that is your greatest guess.

Moreover, steroids can improve red blood cell production, which boosts oxygen delivery to
muscles throughout strenuous activity. This ends in improved stamina and decreased fatigue, enabling
athletes to maintain larger levels of exertion for prolonged durations.
The capability to achieve muscle shortly and recover effectively is
particularly interesting in high-stakes environments like competitive sports.
Given these risks, it's important to explore alternatives to steroid use for both medical and non-medical purposes.
For medical situations that require anti-inflammatory treatment, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be a safer various.
NSAIDs, similar to ibuprofen and naproxen, are efficient at lowering inflammation and ache with out
the identical threat of long-term unwanted effects as steroids.

This is why the side effects are often extra extreme than the side effects of prescribed
anabolic steroid use. Healthcare suppliers mainly prescribe anabolic steroids to deal with low testosterone (male
hypogonadism). But they use it for different circumstances as nicely, corresponding to to stimulate
muscle growth for folks with certain cancers or
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All anabolic steroids
could have a adverse impact on blood lipids, as they are all essentially forms of exogenous testosterone.
However, Deca Durabolin is among the many
most cardiovascular-friendly steroids obtainable
(alongside testosterone), in our experience. Anabolic steroids growth Hormone can improve cholesterol levels
and blood pressure, which might lead to coronary heart assaults, strokes, and other cardiovascular issues.
Also, Anabolic steroids supply many potential benefits for athletes,
bodybuilders, and anybody looking to improve their bodily performance.

HDL is the helpful cholesterol score that, when high, can lower blood stress, and when low, can spike blood stress.
The potential side effects of topical remedy with steroids are inflammations of the hair follicles, mild pigmentation disorders on the skin (white
spots) and stretch marks. Many people are especially involved
about their pores and skin getting thinner. If that
occurs, small, widened blood vessels under the skin that appear to be spiderwebs become
visible (this is called spider veins or teleangiectasia).
But if topical steroids are used properly, the risk of these and other unwanted effects may be very small.
And if the pores and skin starts to change and the remedy is stopped, the pores and skin can then get well.

According to the NHS, when steroids are taken in doses extra important than what your physique generates on its
own, they lower redness and irritation (inflammation). Steroids
additionally dampen the immune system's activity, which is the body's pure defence towards illness
and infection. Trenbolone can exacerbate emotions of tension and, in some instances, cause paranoia.
This is usually due to its impression on the central nervous system, heightening stress responses and making users feel on edge.

Anxiety and paranoia can intrude with day by day functioning, affect relationships, and scale back general
high quality of life.
Weighing the equation on the other side, nonetheless, there_s a distinct bunch of less-than-desirable
results. Steroids can trigger a cascade of unwanted consequences starting from
hormonal imbalances and temper swings to more critical well being points similar to coronary
heart issues. Long-term use of steroids may even culminate into habit, which
bears its own list of harrowing effects.
I would suppose it would be worse if I didn_t initially start on lower dosages.
Personally, I wouldn_t begin on something over zero.50 mg/week as a newbie.

This feminine Reddit user misplaced 63 kilos following 10 months
of semaglutide use. They report combining semaglutide injections
with a consistent calorie deficit and regular train to maximize fat
loss. Thus, related outcomes are unlikely to be attained
with a sedentary lifestyle and excess calorie consumption.
In comparability, semaglutide users lost roughly 6% of body weight
for a similar period in a double-blind trial (31). Anabolic steroids are
artificial compounds designed to imitate pure testosterone.

Nonetheless, even men with normal ranges of testosterone
are turning increasingly more to artificial testosterone to achieve big benefits in the gym and of their private lives.
Such men, when recognized by their physician, are often given an anabolic steroid as
part of a hormone replacement remedy. Anabolic steroids are categorised as managed substances in many international locations due to their potential for misuse and abuse.
In the Usa, they're categorised as Schedule III medication beneath the Controlled Substances Act.

You can use them legally and safely if they're prescribed by a doctor for medical causes.
Steroids are prescribed for circumstances corresponding to low levels of testosterone, delayed puberty in males, post-menopause points, breast most cancers, anemia or muscle loss because of cancer
or AIDS. Novice bodybuilders typically ponder whether to decide on oral or
injectable anabolic steroids.
Trenbolone_s powerful effects can lead to psychological dependence, where users really feel they can't obtain their objectives
with out it. This dependency might prolong use, heightening the risk of unwanted effects and well being issues.

Upon discontinuing Tren, users may expertise withdrawal
signs similar to fatigue, mood swings, and lack of motivation, making it tough to transition away from the steroid.
The potential for dependency and withdrawal effects underscores
the necessity for accountable use and planning for all times after Tren. Trenbolone
enhances the body_s efficiency in nutrient absorption, permitting for better use of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat.
This means customers can maximize the impression of their diet, guaranteeing
that they get probably the most out of their meals.

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�˳ϣ�π̹׆�ɔۇ嵺� -- [未验证] Silke (2025-06-06 22:16:18)

Though Anadrol causes fluid retention, this cutting stack steroids (Micheline) is superb as a pre-competition combination as a outcome of outcomes might be full,
dry, and ripped with mass added. The key to decreasing Anadrol_s fluid retention so you'll
find a way to nonetheless achieve a dry look on this stack is to keep
your sodium consumption very low through the cycle. Adding a minimal of a testosterone steroid to the cycle will counter these adverse effects.

In the pulsating coronary heart of the bodybuilding world, Stanozolol stands tall as a legend.
It_s not just one other steroid; it_s a ticket to the world
of high-performance athletics and enviable physiques.
Let_s unravel the story of Stanozolol, a steroid that has become a cornerstone within the arsenal of many bodybuilders and athletes.
Cardiovascular results could also be precipitated in patients adversely affected by fluid retention. Edema,
with and with out congestive coronary heart failure, has occurred
during anabolic steroid remedy. Dietary Issues Sustaining a nutrient-rich diet is important during a Winstrol cycle, particularly when considering the Winstrol value and funding
in one_s health.
I like to assume about Winny as a chopping and hardening steroid; you_ll wish to be lean earlier than starting a Winstrol cycle to get the most
from it. In medical circles Stanozolol is normally prescribed at a 2mg dose approximately three
times per day for men. Ladies are typically prescribed two 2mg doses per day however might increase to 6mg if virilization signs are managed.
If the doctor opts for injectable Stanozolol it's normally
prescribed at 50mg per injection 2-3 times per week in both women and men.
Stanozolol just isn't an anabolic steroid most would label as a "bulking steroid" regardless of it getting used to fight muscle losing diseases.
Some athletes will use it in an low season bulking part for the robust discount
in SHBG it could deliver so that different hormones are more effective, but this
isn_t a very smart follow. Stanozolol isn_t
what we_d call essentially the most harmful steroid by any
means, but it_s not the most facet effect pleasant both.

If we detect ALT/AST ranges rising notably, bodybuilders at our clinic have had success taking TUDCA, which
is a bile acid that has been shown to attenuate stress on the liver (3).
It is suggested not to stack Winstrol with any other oral steroids
to forestall excessive hepatic harm. Counterfeit or contaminated steroids pose serious health threats, together with an infection, liver toxicity, and publicity
to unlisted compounds (Evans, Drug Testing and Analysis,
2004). Post-cycle therapy (PCT) is usually beneficial
after a cycle of Winstrol to help restore hormonal steadiness and forestall anabolic
steroid-induced hypogonadism (ASIH). Moreover, Stanozolol has
been prescribed to deal with certain types of anemia by stimulating red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery
and physical efficiency (Kicman, British Journal of Pharmacology, 2008).

Stanozolol is an artificial anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS)
that is derived from the naturally occurring hormone testosterone.
The drug is run to combat the diseases like genetically passed angioedema that will
trigger swelling genitals, facial features, gut partitions and the throat.

Many nations have surprisingly lenient attitudes towards private anabolic steroid use, and in such
places, you possibly can legally possess and use Winstrol for your use.
This consists of Canada, the UK, and some EU nations like Denmark, Norway, Finland,
and Sweden. Winstrol is generally easy to find and legally bought in many other countries,
together with India, Greece, Thailand, and Egypt.

It helps restore your pure hormone exercise and comes with minimal threat of unwanted
effects. Sticking to a 6-week cycle strikes a balance between experiencing
the advantages of this steroid and reducing the risk of significant opposed health results.
When you_re enterprise a longer stacked steroid cycle, taking Winstrol for the first six
weeks after which stopping it while continuing with different steroids is a
popular option for advanced customers. Most folks using Winstrol whereas slicing will probably need to add
another steroid to aid in larger lean mass preservation than Winstrol can present.
Winstrol does promote nitrogen retention and elevated protein synthesis,
however to not the point the place it'll noticeably promote lean features _ despite its excessive anabolic score.

Oxygen is an important molecule to the production of adenosine triphosphate, the cell_s primary supply
of power. This adenosine triphosphate is crucial in preventing the accumulation of lactic acid that causes muscle cramps and pains.
Winstrol (also referred to as Winni, Winny, and Winni-V) is liable for building high caliber muscle tissues and not to bulk up
one_s physique.
Measuring fat loss through scales will not be sensible as a end result of
simultaneous muscle acquire. Thus, though customers could observe a notable reduction in body fats within the mirror, the scales can nonetheless go up instead of down on each of those steroids.

Thus, Winstrol and Anavar will maximize muscle definition and vascularity, in distinction to other anabolic steroids, due to less extracellular fluid quantity.
Stanozolol can additionally be notable for its dual-route availability_it may be
taken both orally and via injection. This offers customers more flexibility compared to other steroids which may
be sometimes injectable solely. Nevertheless, the
oral kind is significantly extra hepatotoxic, rising the chance of liver stress
and damage with prolonged use (Hartgens & Kuipers,
Sports Medication, 2004).
Extended or excessive use of it could strain the liver, doubtlessly leading to liver injury or abnormalities.

To mitigate this danger, it is strongly recommended
to stick to one of the best dosages and cycle durations. Moreover, incorporating liver help
supplements similar to milk thistle or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) throughout and
after the cycle could be useful. Regular liver function tests can provide valuable insights
into the liver_s health whereas using this steroid.
When it comes to using Winstrol, understanding the really helpful dosage
and cycle is crucial for maximizing its advantages while minimizing potential dangers.

We have seen users acquire notable quantities of
lean muscle (up to 10 lbs) from this cycle whereas
lowering their physique fat proportion considerably. The story of stanozolol
is a fascinating mix of medical benefit and controversy,
highlighting the fine line between therapeutic use and performance enhancement in sports activities.
The saga of Ben Johnson, in particular, remains some of the infamous episodes
in the historical past of Olympic sport, embodying the continued battle
towards doping in athletics. Decreased glucose tolerance requiring
changes in hyperglycemic control has occurred in diabetic
sufferers during anabolic steroid therapy. Mental Well Being
Consciousness Customers must be conscious of the potential
psychological impacts of steroid use, like mood
swings or increased aggression.

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�˳ϣ�π̹׆�ɔۇ嵺� -- [未验证] Eugenia (2025-06-06 21:33:32)

When gonadal function was normal before an AAS cycle,
there was a 90% chance of getting regular testosterone levels 3 months after cessation and a one hundred pc probability
at the finish of follow-up (1 yr after the start of the cycle).
At the group degree, imply testosterone levels returned to baseline three months after cessation.
Importantly, 37% of the subjects had signs of abnormal gonadal
function at baseline of which 95% had a historical
past of AAS use. This may be explained by incomplete restoration of the HPGA due to current AAS use or extended or persistent hypogonadism from past use.

A case-control examine additionally means that AAS use results in a persistent small
reduction in testosterone ranges (177). Nevertheless, current or current unreported AAS use, reverse causality
and other factors inherent to a case-control research
design make it difficult to establish a real cause-and-effect relationship.

The services that produce Crazy Bulk's bodybuilding supplements are GMP-certified and freed from any potential unfavorable triggers.
Now that we now have some background on the Crazy Bulk model let's examine its
inside workings. Whether Or Not you are trying to bulk up, reduce fats,
or achieve strength, CrazyBulk has pre-designed stacks that mix the most effective supplements that can assist you obtain your objectives sooner.

However, this compensation could affect the content material, subjects,
or products discussed on this article. The views and opinions expressed are those of the
author and don't essentially replicate the official policy or place of any affiliate companion or product supplier.
A. Whereas CrazyBulk merchandise are manufactured in facilities
that adjust to FDA rules, they are not FDA-approved because supplements, generally, usually are not subject to FDA approval.
However, they comply with strict manufacturing practices to ensure product security and high quality.
Each CrazyBulk product comes with its own beneficial dosage, which is designed to optimize its effects.

Prolonged and high doses of testosterone and his derivatives result in serious penalties in all physique tissues and organs.
Legal steroids are a welcome various to illegal anabolic steroids that can trigger severe unwanted
aspect effects like headache, insomnia, zits, and even liver illness.
Whereas an unlawful anabolic steroid withdrawal treatment contains artificial testosterone derivatives,
one of the best legal steroids rely on pure plant-based components to spice up muscular tissues and power big features at the fitness center.
Authorized steroids are exercise dietary supplements that
help elevated muscle mass and gym efficiency.

Nonetheless, these clinical signs are seen in young, feminine athletes that are self-administering anabolic steroids.
In contrast to males, many of these antagonistic events within the feminine anabolic steroid
user is most likely not transient (Pavlatos et al.,
2001). The risk of sudden death from cardiovascular complications within the
athlete consuming anabolic steroids can occur in the absence of atherosclerosis.

Thrombus formation has been reported in a quantity
of case studies of bodybuilders self-administering anabolic steroids (Ferenchick, 1991; Fineschi et al., 2001; McCarthy et al.,
2000; Sahraian et al., 2004). Melchert and Welder, 1995
have suggested that the use of 17_-alkylated steroids (primarily from oral ingestion) likely present the very best threat for thrombus formation. They hypothesized that anabolic steroid
consumption can elevate platelet aggregation, presumably via an increase in platelet production of thromboxane A 2 and/or decreasing platelet manufacturing of
prostaglandin PgI 2, leading to a hypercoagulable state. Testosterone was isolated within the early 20th century and its
discovery led to research demonstrating that this substance stimulated a robust
optimistic nitrogen stability in castrated dogs and rats
(Kochakian, 1950).
This is as a end result of many steroids are produced in illegal
labs that don_t observe the same procedures as business labs.
AAS use comes with a quantity of dangers, making them doubtlessly harmful for most individuals.
Whereas certain strategies can minimize some of these dangers, they can't be totally averted.
Regardless Of their potential advantages, AAS
have a number of possible side effects, whose severity varies depending on the extent to which you utilize these substances.

Thus, out of your last dose until this time, trace amounts remain biologically present, which
may cause a failed take a look at.
Alkyl substitution prevents deactivation of the steroid
by first-pass metabolism by sterically hindering oxidation of the 17_-hydroxyl
group. A methyl group hooked up to C-1 can even confer oral exercise, as
in methenolone or mesterolone, however these two anabolic steroids are thought-about
to be comparatively weak in pharmacological exercise. Some studies referenced IPED customers ensuring that
they obtained their _bloods_ checked, and different
checks carried out frequently by a medical skilled (Table 7) nonetheless, not all had informed their doctor about their IPED use [8, 19, fifty two, 58].
In some countries, IPED users had been in a place to entry prescription medicines [42, 59].

Due to the potential danger of Anadrol containing harmful
substances or being a placebo pill, people are advised to only trust sources on the black market that
could be verified by someone they belief. When using this aggressive PCT,
we usually see endogenous testosterone manufacturing recover after 2 months.
forty five days after utilizing this PCT, all of the men_s testosterone ranges fully recovered
to normal levels. Common cardio should be performed throughout this cycle to decrease blood strain whereas avoiding stimulants and high-sodium meals.
Like Dianabol, Anadrol can be cycled alone with wonderful outcomes, particularly if the person is a novice to oxymetholone.
As Quickly As customers have constructed up a tolerance
to Anadrol by biking it once, they could stack other
steroids with it.
Regardless, persistent AAS-induced hypogonadism has been reported within the
literature in a quantity of circumstances (65, 178). Future analysis is needed to
delineate the AAS cycle options or affected person characteristics that hinder recovery and result in partially reversed, extended, or persistent hypogonadism.
A few reports in the literature have linked AAS use to
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (169_171).

FSGS is a histopathological discovering marked by glomerular lesions, mediated by diverse insults directed
to, or inherent inside, the podocytes (172).

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�˳ϣ�π̹׆�ɔۇ嵺� -- [未验证] Shayne (2025-06-05 17:09:43)

Triamcinolone acetonide works by suppressing the immune response and lowering irritation by decreasing the discharge of
inflammatory substances in the physique. We supply all our medications
and energetic pharmaceutical elements from FDA-registered suppliers and producers.

Henry Schein carries corticosteroid creams from manufacturers such as Actavis Prescription Drugs and
Perrigo Pharma.
You may also find quite a few underground labs carry excessive dose Dianabol
capsules. Most Dbol tablets will normally be present in 5mg and 10mg energy, but capsules are common in 25-50mg strength.
Sadly, while there are some good capsules, lots of them are rubbish.
Sticking with tablets is generally the best way to go, and
they shouldn_t value that a lot. They may also be beneficial for osteoarthritis if your joints are very painful or if you need
extra ache aid for a time. The injection can cut back
inflammation, which in flip should cut back ache.
The majority of athletic organizations prohibit using this substance on athletes.
Dianabol is considered one of the most generally available anabolic steroids on earth.

This consists of all online steroids suppliers, and may embrace
any local health club vendor. As an added bonus, this is considered one of
the most affordable steroids on earth. Demand is high, however so is the supply and competitors, and this keeps
the price down. In fact, you can easily
purchase 1,000 5mg British Dispensary Anabol tablets, some of the
common and notable manufacturers on earth for as little as $100.
Different in style manufacturers embrace Russian Dbol METAHAPOCTEHOROH by Akrikhin (Akpnxnh), Naposim by Terapia and Anahexia by Jinan Prescription Drugs.

In this case, you_ll estimate a protected timeframe if you want to observe up with another Dianabol
or other C17-alpha alkylated steroid cycle. A rule some guys use is to have the day with out work length
double that of your cycle. So, if you did a 6-week
Dianabol cycle, the break before the next cycle ought to be no
much less than 12 weeks. This is probably one of the hardcore stacks you can do, with Tren being a complicated AAS that
you_ll want to have expertise with before stacking it because its unwanted side effects alone may be excessive.
This stack won_t only allow you to achieve extra mass, however Tren can even assist in drying you out from any water
weight put on by Dbol. Utilizing NPP instead of Deca (both
Nandrolone) can give you outcomes at an analogous pace to Dbol, however again,
these size and energy features might be rather
less excessive than a Dianabol cycle.
Although the odds are in your favor, such effects are introduced on by Methandrostenolone
being metabolized by the 5-alpha reductase enzyme.
This is the same enzyme answerable for the discount of testosterone
to dihydrotestosterone, however the general conversion here will lead to very low quantities of dihydromethandrostenolone.

Such symptoms embody physique hair progress, a deepening of the vocal chords and
clitoral enlargement. It is feasible for some women to
use this steroid with out virilization signs with extremely low doses, however the
odds are not favorable. Most all girls should select anabolic
steroids with much less translating androgenic activity to satisfy their wants.
There are a number of forms of injectable steroids available in the
marketplace right now. These embrace anabolic steroid injections (such as
testosterone), corticosteroid injections (such as prednisone), growth hormone injections (GH), and natural testosterone boosters (NETs).

Methandrostenolone is a testosterone derived anabolic androgenic steroid.

Formally, it's a structurally altered form of the primary male androgen testosterone.

Dianabol is the testosterone hormone with an added double bond at the carbon one and
two place.
Your doctor may help you establish if the benefits of steroid photographs outweigh the
dangers. Now let_s conclude our discussion on cortisone photographs and summarize the important thing factors we_ve lined.
The skin near the injection site may whiten a couple of weeks or months post-injection. The side effect can last or go away and
doesn_t harm patients_ health.
Dianabol is categorized as a prohibited substance within the Usa, Australia, and a lot of different nations,
so you can't legally purchase, possess, manufacture, or sell Dianabol without risking legal consequences.
The Place we now have pharmaceutical products, we now
have counterfeits, and you will find counterfeits of any or
all of these manufacturers being bought. It takes diligence and a good knowledge of sources to know whether or not you_re shopping for a genuine or faux Dianabol.
This is the first question new users will often ask
as a end result of seeking out the highest high
quality and purest form of Dbol for greatest outcomes and safety reasons is smart.

When it involves pharma-grade Dianabol, it is a very uncommon product certainly.
Checking out different people_s experiences with Dbol _ good and dangerous _ lets you know
what can happen if you use it. Remember that no two individuals could have the identical experience, and your experience using Dianabol will be unique.

Kesimpta (ofatumumab) is used to treat relapsing forms of a
number of sclerosis. Tecvayli (teclistamab) is a therapy for relapsed or
refractory multiple myeloma. Skyrizi (risankizumab)
is used to treat plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis
...
Since that point Dianabol has not been legally manufactured in the Usa, however remains to be manufactured heavily all over
the world. Dianabol represents one of the solely anabolic
steroids that was developed for the solely real purpose of efficiency enhancement.

The compound did carry listed therapeutic makes use of at
one time, however efficiency was the true purpose this steroid was given life.

Via the 1940_s and 50_s the Soviet Union had begun to dominate the Olympic games, and using testosterone
by many of its athletes left the the rest of the world lagging far behind.
Olympic team Dr. John Ziegler would study of the U.S.S.R._s
steroid use, and shortly would help in ensuring his athletes would match up.

In 1958, with the assistance of Dr. Ziegler, Ciba Prescription Drugs
would release the first batches of Methandrostenolone beneath the trade
name Dianabol. The compound was designed in an effort to
maintain up the anabolic properties of testosterone with much less androgenicity in a quick appearing, powerful methodology.

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