李鸿宾：隋朝的北部防务与长城问题 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《隋朝的北部防务与长城问题》
作　　者：李鸿宾
　　　　　1960 年生历史学博士中央民族大学历史系教授。地址:北京市中关村南大街 27 号邮编 100081。
出　　处：中国边疆史地研究第16卷第4期
发表时间：2006-12-00
文　　摘：

本文认为长城在隋朝得到了利用，但是隋朝多沿承前朝旧有的基础，而且是部分地采用，其目的是防御突厥的进攻。之所以如此，是因为长城的建设只是隋朝处理北方关系的一个手段，隋很重视军队的建设和将领的选拔任用，以综合措施防守北方边地。这是隋朝长城修建的特点。

关键词：隋朝突厥防务长城
正　　文：

长城在冷兵器时代是防御工程之一，曾经在军事防务方面发挥了重要的作用。比如秦始皇统一六国之后，在北部边地将原来的秦、赵、燕三国长城连接起来，形成东西万余里的屏障以阻止匈奴，同时派遣 ……

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参考文献：

[1]明朝为什么对北方势力采取与汉唐不同的政策? Thomas J. Barfield 在他的著作“ The Perilous Frontier : Nomadic Empires and China”(Blackwell Publishers Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.1989)中有解释, 见该书第 248—250 页。
[2]一般认为隋朝修建长城有 7 次。参见李孝聪撰写的“隋长城”条,罗哲文主编:《长城百科全书》,吉林人民出版社 1994 年版,第 82—83 页;朱大渭:《北朝历代建置长城及其军事战略地位》,《中国史研究》2006 年第 2 期。
[3]王仲荦:《北周地理志》,中华书局 1980年版,下册第 835—836 页。
[4]罗哲文主编:《长城百科全书》,第 82—83页。
[5]《北齐书》中的“北至社干戍四百余里”中间应有逗号,像《资治通鉴》那样处理才比较得当。
[6]《周书》卷 49《稽胡传》。参见刘学铫:《五胡史论》,(台北)南天书局 2001年版,第 77—80页。
[7]参见唐长孺:《魏晋杂胡考》,《魏晋南北朝史论丛》,三联书店 1955 年版;严耕望:《佛藏所见之稽胡地理分布区》,(台北)《大陆杂志》第 72 卷第 4 期, 1986 年 4 月。
[8]这个时期是北齐文宣帝高洋东征西讨、扩大势力的盛期;而北周尚未建国,仍旧处在宇文泰控制下的西魏时期,因此北齐的上述长城应该主要是为防御稽胡攻击而修。而当地是稽胡活动的中心地之一。据《周书》卷 7《宣帝纪》:宣政元年(578)九月,“汾州稽胡帅刘受逻千举兵反,诏上柱国、越王盛为行军元帅,率众讨平之”。到北周时,情况仍然如此。参见王仲荦:《北周地理志》,下册第 845 页。
[9]参见吴玉贵:《突厥汗国与隋唐关系史研究》,中国社会科学出版社 1998 年版,第 90 页。
[10]李孝聪先生认为这段长城是用来对付西魏的。见“北齐长城”条,《长城百科全书》,第 81 页。
[11]关于高宝宁事件的新近研究,参见王小甫:《隋初与高句丽及东北诸族关系试探———以高宝宁据营州为中心》,《盛唐时代与东北亚政局》,上海辞书出版社 2003 年版。
[12]参见薛宗正:《突厥史》,中国社会科学出版社 1992 年版,第 145—149 页;吴玉贵:《突厥汗国与隋唐关系史研究》,第 92—96 页。
[13]关于北齐所修长城,参见岑仲勉:《隋唐史》,中华书局 1982 年版,上册第 10—11 页;李孝聪撰“北齐长城”条,《长城百科全书》,第 81—82页。
[14]参见李孝聪撰“北齐长城”条,《长城百科全书》,第 81—82 页,朱大渭认为北齐共筑长城7 次, 3800 多里。见《北朝历代建置长城及其军事战略地位》,《中国史研究》2006年第 2期。
[15]参见《北史》卷 54《斛律羡传》。
[16]参见《资治通鉴》卷 175,太建十三年二月丁丑条。
[17]根据李孝聪的研究,应作“西距河,东至绥州”,参见“隋长城”条,《长城百科全书》,第 83 页。
[18]《资治通鉴》卷 175,太建十三年十二月条。
[19]吴玉贵对此有详细的研究,参见吴玉贵:《突厥汗国与隋唐关系史研究》,第 97—105 页。
[20]《资治通鉴》卷 176,至德三年七月条。
[21]《资治通鉴》卷 176,至德三年八月条;又见《隋书》卷 84《北狄·突厥传》。
[22]参见李孝聪撰“隋长城”,《长城百科全书》,第 83页。
[23][24]《资治通鉴》卷 180,大业三年七月条。
[25]参见李孝聪撰“隋长城”,《长城百科全书》,第 83页。
[26]参见薛宗正:《突厥史》,第 196 页。
[27][28]《资治通鉴》卷 180,大业三年五月条。
[29]《资治通鉴》卷 180,大业三年六月条。
[30]《资治通鉴》卷 180,大业三年八月条。
[31]《资治通鉴》卷 180,大业三年七月条。
[32] 参见《资治通鉴》卷 180,仁寿四年十一月条。
[33]参见李孝聪撰“隋长城”,《长城百科全书》,第 83页。
[34]参见吴玉贵:《突厥汗国与隋唐关系史研究》第四章《炀帝时代隋朝对西域的经营》。
[35]薛宗正先生认为修缮榆谷长城是防备突厥,我认为是合适的,但是他将这段长城和大业三年修缮的榆林紫河长城(他将三年改作五年)视为炀帝为防备启民势力,我认为言之过早。从文献记载看,这时候启民附属隋朝的关系仍旧持续,炀帝北巡及其与启民的关系尚看不到有明显的变化。参见薛宗正:《突厥史》,第196 页。
[36]《资治通鉴》卷 181,大业四年七月条。
[37]参见《资治通鉴》卷 181,大业五年三月—六月条。
[38]《资治通鉴》卷 178,开皇十九年二月条。
[39]《资治通鉴》卷 178,开皇十九年十月条。
[40]《资治通鉴》卷 181,大业四年三月条。

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