贾衣肯：蒙恬所筑长城位置考 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《蒙恬所筑长城位置考》
作　　者：贾衣肯
　　　　　作者贾衣肯 (女), 1967年生, 中国社会科学院历史研究所助理研究员
出　　处：中国史研究 2006年第1期
发表时间：2006-02-20
ＩＳＳＮ：1002-7963
分类号：K233;K878.3
文　　摘：

蒙恬所筑长城是秦始皇长城的重要组成部分。关于这段长城的分布走向问题,多数学者主张在秦西,即由今甘肃榆中县(或兰州)以西沿黄河北上至内蒙古包头以西,大致呈南北走向。本文则通过分析蒙恬筑长城的背景,考证与长城分布密切相关的秦榆中方位和秦代众羌、匈奴等部落的分布,认为这段长城在秦北,为东西走向。并就秦始皇北伐性质、蒙恬所筑长城具体所指、长城起止及秦直道与秦长城关系、秦长城西北段等学术界长期以来存有争议或留意不够的问题提出了自己的看法。

关键词：秦榆中;蒙恬所筑长城;秦长城西北段;
正　　文：

蒙恬所筑长城是秦始皇长城的核心部分。关于这条长城的分布走向,学术界至今尚无定论。多数学者主张在秦西,即由今甘肃榆中县西(或兰州)沿黄河北上,至内蒙古包头以西。[1]但也有学者对此 ……

您需要在登录后才能查看全文内容，请您点此登录或者进行新用户注册...>>

简单注册后，即能免费阅读1000多篇长城相关的论文，欢迎您注册为长城小站的用户，参与我们的交流！

参考文献：

[1]张维华：《中国长城建置考》（上编），中华书局1979年版，第132—133页；史念海：《黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索》，《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》，文物出版社1981年版，第64页；中国长城学会编《长城百科全书》“秦长城”辞条，吉林人民出版社1994年版，第76页；林剑鸣：《秦汉史》，上海人民出版社2003年版，第72页；魏耀会：《瓦合集——长城研究论文》，科学出版社2004年版，第136页。上述作者均认为秦西边的长城为始皇时期新筑，秦北边长城为沿袭战国旧长城。近年来，学术界基本认同秦北边长城为始皇时期新筑的观点（参阅下文所引沈长云、赵化成的有关文章），而对秦西边长城的存在亦有人开始提出质疑。
[2]赵化成：《中国早期长城的考古调查与研究》，中国长城学会编《长城国际学术研讨会论文集》，吉林人民出版社1995年版，第242页；谭其骧：《秦关中北边长城》，谭其骧著《长水集续编》，人民出版社1994年版，第464—465页，原文载中国地理学会历史地理专业委员会编《历史地理》第3辑，上海人民出版社1983年版。
[3]《史记·秦始皇本记》司马迁录。《文选》卷五一贾谊《过秦论》文字稍异。
[4]参阅谭其骧《秦郡新考》，谭其骧著《长水集》上册，上海人民出版社1987年版，第6页；原文载《哲江学报》第2卷第1期，1947年12月。
[5]关于蒙恬北伐率众人数，《史记·秦始皇本纪》、《六国年表》、《蒙恬列传》及《公孙弘列传》均言三十万，《匈奴列传》日十万，《资治通鉴》卷七，秦纪二始皇三十二年记三十万，本文取三十万。
[6]谭其骧：《秦关中北边长城》，谭其骧著《长水集续编》，第464页；周振鹤：《被忽视了的秦代水经》，《周振鹤自选集》，广西师范大学出版社1999年版，第156页，原文刊于《自然科学史研究》1986年第1期。
[7]参阅田继周《先秦民族史》，四川民族出版社1996年版，第335-342页，
[8]马长寿：《北狄与匈奴》（生活·读书·新知三联书店1962年版，第1-14页）探讨北狄支系不言诸戎部落。杨建新《中国西北少数民族史》（民族出版社2003年版，第1-27页）视戎族为有别于古代西北它族的独立单元体予以论述。俞伟超：《古代“西戎”和“羌”、“胡”考古学文化归属问题的探讨》（俞伟超著《先秦两汉考古学论集》，文物出版社1985年版，第183页）一文指出西戎文化与狄人文化有别。
[9]吴荣曾：《战国胡貉各族》，吴荣曾著《先秦两汉史研究》，中华书局1995年版，第119页，原载《先秦史研究》，云南民族出版社1987年版。
[10]吴荣曾：《战国胡貉各族》，吴荣曾著《先秦两汉史研究》，第127页。
[11]蒙文通：《古族甄微》（巴蜀书社1993年版，第9页）认为：“狄者，于西周属猃狁，于汉属匈奴”；余太山《古族新考》（中华书局2000年版，第96—98页）认为猃狁、匈奴、胡实为同名异译；田继周《先秦民族史》（第38页）认为狄与战国时所称的胡和匈奴有密切关系；俞伟超：《古代“西戎”和“羌”、“胡”考古学文化归属问题的探讨》（俞伟超著《先秦两汉考古学论集》第183页）认为，狄人文化和匈奴文化有密切关系而又有区别，都应当属于胡人的文化系统。
[12]顾颉刚：《从古籍中探索我国的西部民族——羌族》，《社会科学战线》1980年第1期。
[13]顾颉刚：《从古籍中探索我国的西部民族——羌族》；马长寿《氐与羌》，上海人民出版社1984年版，第90页。
[14]俞伟超：《古代“西戎”和“羌”、“胡”考古学文化归属问题的探讨》，俞伟超著《先秦两汉考古学论集》第180—183页；王钟翰主编：《中国民族史》，中国社会科学出版社1994年版，第121页。
[15]马建华、张力华：《长城》（敦煌文艺出版社2004年版，第19页）认为，甘肃境内的秦始皇长城基本沿用秦昭王长城旧址。
[16]《后汉书·西羌传》：“及昭王立，义渠王朝秦，遂与昭王母宣太后通，生二子。至王赧四十三年，宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫，因起兵灭之，始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。”据《汉书·晁错传》，义渠残部似乎直至汉初尚在（参阅余太山著《古族新考》，第125—127页）。文中在阐述相关史实多用“灭义渠”一词，主要为行文方便。
[17]《史记》卷五《秦本纪》，中华书局1985年版。
[18]孙益民、王楷：《万里长城西部首起于今临洮辩》，《兰州学刊》1982年第1期
[19]《史记》卷八八《蒙恬列传》。
[20]《史记》卷六《秦始皇本纪》。
[21]王北辰：《古桥门与秦直道考》，《王北辰西北历史地理论文集》，学苑出版社2003年版，第107一110页。
[22]顾颉刚：《从古籍中探索我国的西部民族一一羌族》。
[23]陈守忠：《甘肃境内秦长城遗迹调查及考证》，《西北史地》1984年第2期；鲜明、尚元正：《甘肃永靖县境内秦长城质疑》，《文博》1992年第3期；马建华、张力华：《长城》，敦煌文艺出版社2004年版，第19页。
[24]《考古学集刊》第13集，中国百科全书出版社2000年版，第83-86页。
[25]孙益民、王楷：《万里长城西部首起于今临洮辩》，《兰州学刊》1982年第1期；陈守忠：《甘肃境内秦长城遗迹调查及考证》，《西北史地》1984年第2期。
[26]吴宏岐：《秦直道及其历史意义》，《陕西师范大学继续教育学报》2000年第1期。另，参阅王北辰《古桥门与秦直道考》，《王北辰西北历史地理论文集》，第108-109页。
[27]李仲立：《甘肃境内秦直道管见》，《人文杂志》1993年第3期。
[28]徐卫民：《秦瓦当概述》（徐卫民著《秦汉历史地理研究》，三秦出版社2005年版，第305-373页，原载台湾《历史月刊》2001年第1期）一文认为秦汉云纹瓦当的断代问题是一个复杂的问题，就瓦当纹本身尚难以看出其演变的序列。区分秦汉瓦当，除考虑制法和瓦当整体风格因素，还要结合出王地点、地层关系和同出器物等进行分析，才能作出准确判断。
[29]王丕忠：《秦汉瓦当管见》，《文博》1984年创刊号。
[30]马先登：《秦汉砖瓦中绳纹的时代分期》（《秦陵秦诵研究动态》1992年第4期）认为，秦汉砖瓦中细绳纹基本上属于春秋到战国时期，中绳纹可能盛形于战国中期，衰退于西汉初期，而粗绳纹出现于西汉初期。据此挑河沿岸出土的粗绳纹瓦片至少反映了这一带障塞属汉代的可能性的存在
[31]《后汉书》卷八七《西芜传》，中华书局1982年版。
[32]《史记》卷一一二《平津侯主父列传》。
[33]史籍中有关蒙恬北伐取河南地的记载多涉及匈奴，盖秦时河南地诸部以匈奴势力较强。依据文献记载，同时为行文方便，下文论述中涉及“河南地”匈奴等部落时仅以“匈奴”或“匈奴诸部落”简称。
[34]谭其骧：《何以黄河在东汉以后会出现一个长期安流的局面》（《学术月刊》1962年第2期）认为：“所谓‘河南地’应该不仅指河套地区即当时的九原郡，南的陕甘北部即当时的上郡和北地二郡，也应包括在内。”在《北河》（谭其骧著《长水集》下册，第331-332页；原文载《中华文史论丛》第六辑，1965年8月）一文作者进一步指出，秦皇汉武时代与匈奴所争夺的“河南地”不仅指今黄河以南的前套地区，还包括今黄河以北，乌加以南的后套地区。”结合秦北诸部落的分布，可知秦时众羌、匈奴等部落所居“河南地”应指昭王长城以北，今阴山山脉以南（包括前套、后套地区）的地带
[35]谭其骧：《秦郡新考》，谭其骧著《长水集》上册，第6页。
[36]《齐策五》记：“齐、燕战于桓之曲，燕不胜，十万之众尽。胡人袭燕楼烦数县，取其牛马。”此处“胡”当主要指匈奴。又《说苑·君道一》载：“燕昭王问政于郭隗曰：‘寡人地狭人寡，齐人削取八城，匈奴驱驰楼烦之下，以孤之不肖，得承宗庙，恐危社稷，存之有道乎？’”杨宽《战国策史料编年辑证》分别系之于燕王哙七年（公元前314年）、九年（公元前312年）。
[37]参阅杨宽《战国策史料编年辑证》，第1066页。
[38]见《史记》卷八一《廉颇蔺相如列传》附“李牧传”。
[39]《史记》卷一一《平津侯主父列传》。
[40]《史记》卷五《秦本纪》。
[41]《史记》卷五《秦本纪》。
[42]《后汉书》卷八七《西羌传》。
[43]《史记》卷五《秦本纪》。另，参阅蒙文通《古族甄微》，巴蜀书社1993年版，第81-86页。
[44]《史记》卷五《秦本纪》。
[45]《后汉书》卷八七《西羌传》。
[46]《史记》卷五《秦本纪》。
[47]《史记》卷一O一《匈奴列传》。
[48]《汉书》卷四九《晁错传》，中华书局1995年版。
[49]史念海：《黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索》，《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》，第64页；中国长城学会编《长城百科全书》“秦长城”辞条，第76页；林剑鸣：《秦汉史》，第72页；魏耀会：《瓦合集长城研究论文》，第136页。
[50]张维华：《中国长城建置考》（上编），第132-133页。
[51]参阅谭其骧《秦关中北边长城》，谭其骧著《长水集续编》，第464-465页。
[52]沈长云：《赵北长城西段与秦始皇长城》，《上古史探研》，中华书局2002年版，第322页，原文载于《历史地理》第7辑，上海人民出版社1990年版；赵化成：《中国早期长城的考古调查与研究》，中国长城学会编《长城国际学术研讨会论文集》，第243页。
[53]唐晓峰：《内蒙古西北部秦汉长城调查记》，载《文物》1977年第5期；沈长云：《赵北长城西段与秦始皇长城》，《上古史探研》，第311-314页。
[54]史念海：《新秦中》（《中国历史地理论丛》1987年第1期）认为，“北假”即今内蒙古五原、临河诸县所在后套地。《正义》引《括地志》语曰：“汉五原郡河目县故城，在北假中。”据史为乐主编《中国历史地名大辞典》（中国社会科学出版社2005年版，第1653页）“河目县”条，知今内蒙古乌拉特前旗东北乌梁素海东额尔登布拉格苏木境也在“北假”范围内。
[55]吴礽骧：《对河西汉塞的几点认识》，中国秦汉史研究会编《秦汉史论丛》第9辑，三秦出版社2004年版，第621-623页。
[56]《汉书》卷五二《韩安国传》。
[57]吴礽骧：《对河西汉塞的几点认识》，《秦汉史论丛》第9辑，第615页。
[58]《汉书》卷五二《韩安国传》颜师古注引如淳注。
[59]沈长云：《赵北长城西段与秦始皇长城》，《上古史探研》，第314页。
[60]《史记》卷一一二《平津侯主父列传》。
[61]参阅谭其骧《北河》，谭其骧著《长水集》下册，第331页。
[62]《史记》卷四三《赵世家》引《正义》：“榆中，胜州北河北岸也。”《资治通鉴》卷三周纪三赧王九年胡注取此说。今人谭其骧《北河》（《长水集》下册，第331页）亦持此说，认为今内蒙古托克托一带自战国以来有榆中之称
[63]榆中在汉金城郡之说，始见于郦道元《水经注》卷二“河水”条：“（河水）又东过榆中县北，昔恬为秦北逐戎人，开榆中之地。按地理志，金城郡之属县也，故徐广《史记音义》曰，榆中在金城。”张维华《中国长城建置考》据此。史念海《黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索》（《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》，第64页）认为，榆中即今甘肃榆中县西一带。中国长城学会编《长城百科全书》“秦长城”辞条（第76页）认为：榆中，应指今甘肃兰州、永靖一带。陈守忠《允吾、金城、榆中、勇士等古城址考》（《历史地理》第11辑，上海人民出版社1993年版，第195页）认为，榆中即今甘肃榆中县地
[64]《战国策》卷一九《赵二》，上海人民出版社1978年版。
[65]关于赵武灵王西略胡地所至榆中，谭其骧《北河》（《长水集》下册，第331页）一文以为其地在今内蒙古托克托一带；史念海《新秦中》（《中国历地理论丛》1987年第1期）认为其地在今内蒙古托克托县、土默特右旗等处。另，参阅史为乐主编《中国历史地名大辞典》（下），中国社会科学出版社2005年版，第2669-2670页。
[66]谭其骧主编《中国历史地图册》，地图出版社1982年版，第一册“战国历史地图集”采用此说另，见杨宽《战国史料编年辑证》，上海人民出版社2001年版，第622页；韩兆琦评注《史记》（上、下），岳麓书社2004年版，第698页[注29]。
[67]参阅韩兆琦评注《史记》（上、下），岳麓书社2004年版，第698页[注27]。
[68]关于赵武灵王长城西止，参阅严宾《高阙考辩》（《历史地理》第2辑，上海人民出版社1982年版）、何清谷：《高阙地望考》（《陕西师大学报》1986年第3期）、沈长云：《赵北长城西段与秦始皇长城》（《上古史探研》，第315-316页）等文。从赵北长城西止看，赵九原之地不同于秦九原郡，概限于秦九原郡郡治地带。
[69]杨宽：《战国史》附录一“战国郡国表”，上海人民出版社1998年版，第678页。
[70]杨宽：《战国史》附录一“战国郡国表”，第678页。
[71]李晓杰：《战国时期赵国疆域变迁考》（《九州》第3辑，商务印书馆2003年版，第164页）认为迟至武灵王二十三年（公元前302年）赵已据九原。
[72]蒙文通：《古族甄微》，巴蜀书社1993年版，第156页。
[73]杨宽：《战国史》附录一“战国郡国表”（第678页）：“雁门郡，原为楼烦地。”另，见余太山《匈奴的崛起》，载《欧亚学刊》第五辑，中华书局2005年版，第2页。
[74]杨宽：《战国史》附录一“战国郡国表”（第678页）：“云中郡，原为林胡地。”
[75]杨宽：《战国史》附录一“战国郡国表”（第678页）：“云中郡，辖境相当于今内蒙古大青山以南，黄河南岸及长城以北地区。”此长城，当指秦昭王长城。昭王三十五（公元前272年），秦灭义渠，“于是秦有陇西、北地、上郡筑长城以拒胡”。此前，义渠主要在北地郡地带，势力及于上郡一带。今以昭王长城作武灵王时赵云中郡南界显然不妥，亦忽略了当时义渠的存在。
[76]曹尔琴：《论秦郡及其分布》，《中国历史地理论丛》1990年第4期。
[77]谭其骧：《秦郡新考》，谭其骧著《长水集》上册，第3页；杨宽：《战国史》附录一“战国郡国表”，第682页。
[78]谭其骧：《何以黄河在东汉以后会出现一个长期安流的局面》，《学术月刊》1962年第2期。
[79]谭其骧：《何以黄河在东汉以后会出现一个长期安流的局面》。
[80]史念海：《新秦中考》，《中国历史地理论丛》1997年1期。
[81]《史记》卷一一八《淮南衡山列传》。
[82]《汉书》卷六《武帝纪》。
[83]参阅史念海《黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索》，《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》，第65页。
[84]中国长城学会编《长城百科全书》“秦长城”辞条，吉林人民出版社1994年版，第76页：林剑鸣：《秦汉史》，上海人民出版社2003年版，第72页；魏耀会：《瓦合集一一长城研究论文》，科学出版社2004年版第136页。
[85]《汉书》卷七《昭帝纪》。
[86]参阅周振鹤《西汉政区地理》，人民出版社1987年版，第171-172页。
[87][北魏]郦道元注，（民国）杨守敬、熊会贞疏，段熙仲点校，陈桥驿复校：《水经注疏》卷二“河水”条，江苏古籍出版社1989年版第182页。
[88]详见《资治通鉴》卷三周纪三王九年（公元前306年）胡注，中华书局1992年版。
[89]《后汉书°西羌传》记：“至于汉兴，匈奴冒顿兵强，破东胡，走月氏，威震百蛮，臣服诸羌。”知诸在西汉初奴冒顿时期臣属奴，此前当为独立于匈奴的部落
[90]谭其骧：《秦关中北边长城》，谭其骧著《长水集续编》，第464页。
[91]《史记》卷一○一《匈奴列传》。
[92]参阅高荣《秦汉时期西北疆域的变迁》，《西北史地》1992年第2期。
[93]谭其骧：《秦关中北边长城》，谭其骧著《长水集续编》，第464页；张维华《秦昭王时之长城》，《中国长城建置考》（上编），第113-118页。
[94]参阅周振鹤《被忽视了的秦代〈水经〉》，《周振鹤自选集》，第156一162页。
[95]《汉书》卷二八下《地理志下》。
[96]参阅周振鹤《西汉政区地理》，第135页。
[97]王北辰：《汉朝那、萧关考》，载《王北辰西北历史地理论文集》，第250一254页；原文载《宁夏史志研究》1986年第2期。
[98]参见谭其骧主编《中国历史地图集》之《秦°关中诸部》，地图出版社1982年版，第5一6页。
[99]参阅王先谦撰《汉书补注》下册，书目文献出版社1995年版，第1090贞；谭其骧：《秦郡新考》，谭其骧著《长水集》上册，第6页。
[100]引文见《史记》卷一二三《大宛列传》。另，参阅余太山主编《西域通史》，中州古籍出版社1996年版，第50-51页。
[101]《史记》卷一二三《大宛列传》。
[102]见余太山主编《西域通史》，第51页。
[103]引文见《史记·秦始皇本纪》。另，参阅高荣《秦汉时期西北疆域的变迁》，《西北史地》1992年第2期。
[104]赵化成：《中国早期长城的考古调查与研究》，中国长城学会编《长城国际学术研讨会论文集》，第241页。
[105]陈守忠：《允吾、金城、榆中、勇士等古地城址考》，《历史地理》第11辑，上海人民出版社1993年版。
[106]周松：《两汉时期匈奴和羌在今兰州地区的活动述论》，《西北民族学院学报》1999年第1期。
[107]参阅余太山《塞种史研究》，中国社会科学出版社1992年版，第53-56页；余太山：《古族研究》，中华书局2000年版，第29-52页。
[108]史念海：《秦始皇直道遗迹的探索》，《文物》1975年第10期；吕卓民：《再论秦直道》，《文博》1992年第2期；吴宏岐：《秦直道及其历史意义》，《陕西师范大学继续教育学报》2000年第1期，
[109]多数学者认为直道是由南向北修筑，其实不然。始皇三十三年，蒙恬率三十万之众北伐并在河套一阴山山脉地区筑修长城，工程完毕即兴建直道，蒙恬极有可能利用这些人力由北向南修直道。文献关于直道“自九原至云阳”、“自九原抵甘泉”的记载即是证明。
[110]吕卓民：《再论秦直道》，《文博》1992年第2期。
[111]李仲立：《论秦直道与秦长城的关系》，《庆阳师专学报》1994年第1期
[112]姚民生：《秦直道与甘泉宫》，《文博》1997年第5期。
[113]史念海：《秦始皇直道遣迹的探索》，《文物》1975年第10期。
[114]《王北辰西北历史地理论文集》，第102页。
[115]余太山：《古族新考》，中华书局2000年版，第127-128页。
[116]蒙文通：《古族甄微》，巴蜀书社1993年版，第160-161页。
[117]参阅杨宽《战国史》，第407页。
[118]《史记》卷八六《刺客列传》。杨宽《战国史料编年辑证》（第1128页）系之于秦始皇十八年。
[119]王北辰：《汉朝那、萧关考》，《王北辰西北历史地理论文集》，第245—246页。

本文由志愿者：【2106 】收集整理上线。
[ 返回 ]

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�ג�ϣ�ĉͱ̹׾长�Ȏ�׃考 -- [未验证] Daniella (2025-08-01 23:58:47)

petoskey casino

References:

presque isle downs and casino

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�ג�ϣ�ĉͱ̹׾长�Ȏ�׃考 -- [未验证] Bea (2025-07-31 22:06:29)

Earlier Than claiming any offer, examine if a promotional code is
required. We present the newest bonus codes for online casinos listed on this
web page and update it regularly. Check the record of excluded games earlier than claiming a high roller casino bonus
to be safe.
Highroller Casino doesn't mention a most win restrict associated to this bonus of their Bonus Phrases and Conditions.
Get an inside glimpse of the outlandish perks offered to high-stakes gamblers on the
Mohegan Sun casino _ from Butler and helicopter service to
a personal playing suite. The web site can be engineered to assist high pace cell gaming that is coupled by optimum efficiency.
The sensational and musical effect is created by whistles and bells adds on the attractiveness of the positioning and the video games provided right here.
These presents enhance gameplay and supply wonderful value
for both new and existing members. Seasonal and event-based
promotions providing additional possibilities to win grand
prizes.
Marco is an experienced casino writer with over 7 years of gambling-related work
on his again. Since 2017, he has reviewed over
seven hundred casinos, examined more than 1,500 on line casino video games, and written greater than 50 on-line playing guides.
Marco makes use of his business knowledge to
assist both veterans and newcomers choose casinos, bonuses, and video games that suit their particular
needs. You can rapidly lose your excessive roller standing in an internet on line casino if you stop betting cash
frequently. You will lose your high roller standing progressively and not without delay,
though. Take full advantage of it for as long as you presumably can and try to hold it if you wish
to hold earning rewards.
To join the on line casino VIP program for loyal prospects, usually, you won_t must make much effort _ most of them are available on sign-up.
On the opposite hand, excessive necessities make it
tougher to cash out, as the danger of shedding grows with each bet positioned.

Casinos that do very nicely can afford to offer their VIPs huge real-world prizes.

For instance, deposits starting from $10 to $45 will earn you 5 Pincoins,
whereas deposits of $375 or more grant you an impressive 12 Pincoins.
Players from countries together with Australia, France, the
UK, Bulgaria, Poland, and elements of Africa, the Center East,
and Asia are restricted. After carefully vetting the process,
we found that HighRoller on line casino ensures safety, honesty and success.
The casino has a finely balanced web site the place design and navigation blends effortlessly with a black and gold theme.

The aesthetics deserve a separate point out, as they are
consistent across the mobile and desktop ecosystem. The hamburger icon on the proper is a segway
to all different elements of the website_game segments, banking choices, latest promotions and help,
you_ll find it multi functional place. Dedicated high curler
bonuses usually require no less than a C$100 deposit.
A excessive curler is an individual who likes to make big
bets and get giant payouts. Often, a first deposit might be within the hundreds, with high curler on-line casinos providing them
plenty of perks from free suites to a devoted VIP manager.
With their VIP program being a standout function,
Heaps O_ Wins is tailor-made for best high roller casinos rollers.
As well as access to freebies and greater bonuses, the top-end
players additionally receive cashback offers, dedicated VIP assist, gift gadgets and precedence
withdrawals. Look for the Australian on-line casinos that
often update their promotions web page with reload bonuses and
tournaments. If you_re depositing typically, you must make sure you_re rewarded with a continuing stream
of additional benefits. Since many casinos provide VIP programs, you really
want to do your due diligence.
High roller casinos are designed for players who are willing to commit large sums of money.
Precisely because of this, these customers are 'supported' with a sequence of special
advantages and coverings. Thus, by making a large volume of play,
these clients are essentially given a unique therapy than the others.
After receiving the bonus, you can take pleasure in enjoying with further funds
and free spins. The Excessive Roller on-line on line casino lets you
activate just one welcome bonus, so you must select the one which fits you finest.

The bonus is relative to your deposit, and the more you deposit, the more
bonus you get. Bojoko's prime Canadian online on line casino evaluations are there that will help you see what the casino is basically like.

There is not any guarantee that the wins shall be bigger on excessive limit slots, however they
typically have larger payout percentages and higher winning odds, making it more
possible to get greater wins. Spin the reels of Divine Fortune Megaways
by Net Ent and revel in a excessive volatility slot with max win potential of
as much as 38,000x.
High roller players are all about enjoying the cash for the biggest jackpots.

To be in a position to guide gamers in the direction of casinos with buyer support and web site in a language they perceive, we examine the out there
choices as part of our evaluate process. You can discover languages out
there at Shangri La On Line Casino in the table beneath.

Onerous Rock Wager On Line Casino is elevating the stakes with its largest-ever Bonus Spins giveaway
exclusively for gamers in New Jersey.
You ought to all the time check the terms and situations
of the precise supply, in order that you understand exactly how a lot
you have to deposit. Wagering necessities are situations that dictate how many times
a bonus must be wagered earlier than a player can withdraw their winnings.
For excessive curler bonuses, these necessities
typically range from 10 to 20 occasions the bonus quantity.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�ג�ϣ�ĉͱ̹׾长�Ȏ�׃考 -- [未验证] Chris (2025-07-29 01:14:49)

En fournissant une lib閞ation continue de testost閞one, le gel
aide � soulager des sympt鬽es courants tels que la fatigue, la diminution de la libido, les sautes d_humeur et la perte de
masse musculaire. Des 閠udes disponibles sur des sources telles que
PubMed soulignent l_efficacit� de la testost閞one topique pour
am閘iorer la qualit� de vie des personnes ayant des niveaux cliniquement faibles.
Contrairement � certains produits frelat閟 qu_on trouve
sur le march�, TestoFuel ne contient pas un seul gramme de testost閞one.
Il accroit les niveaux sanguins de testost閞one en dopant
les processus m閠aboliques � l_origine de la manufacturing de testost閞one dans l_organisme.

Cette caract閞istique distinctive en fait un produit enti鑢ement d閜ourvu
d_effets secondaires nocifs et rend son utilisation tr鑣
s鹯e.
Le m閐ecin 関alue � distance vos sympt鬽es, v閞ifie vos derni鑢es analyses, ajuste 関entuellement la dose.
Attendez au moins 6 heures avant de vous laver ou de nager.
Software le matin, apr鑣 la douche, sur peau
propre et s鑓he.
Votre m閐ecin vous indiquera le nombre de pressions sur le piston � r閍liser pour
obtenir la dose de gel correcte dans votre cas. Le tableau ci-dessous vous donne
plus d'informations � ce sujet. Ce m閐icament contient 0,9 g d'alcool (閠hanol) par mesure de 1,
25 g de gel. Le stress chronique, le manque de sommeil, une alimentation d閟閝uilibr閑 et la consommation extreme d'alcool peuvent tous entra頽er une augmentation du cortisol, une hormone qui s'oppose aux effets anabolisants de la testost閞one.
Dhea-sante.com website d閐i� � la vente de compl閙ents alimentaires et nutritionnels anti-vieillissement anti-鈍e et anti-oxydants les hormones naturelles dhea
m閘atonine testost閞one. Le m閐icament Testogel n_est pas disponible sans ordonnance.

Au-del� des risques juridiques et de sant�, soutenir des vendeurs non v閞ifi閟 contribue au probl鑝e g閚閞al de la prolif閞ation de m閐icaments contrefaits.
Pour une utilisation th閞apeutique, l_obtention d_une ordonnance apr鑣 une 関aluation m閐icale est obligatoire.
Acheter le gel sans ordonnance est ill間al, et les
sanctions peuvent inclure des amendes ou des poursuites judiciaires.
Il est essentiel d_阾re inform� de ces r間ulations pour garantir que le produit est utilis� de mani鑢e l間ale et s閏uritaire.

Au-del� des usages m閐icaux, le gel de testost閞one gagne en popularit� parmi les athl鑤es et les passionn閟 de health cherchant � am閘iorer leur performance.

L'attention des sportifs et des femmes est
attir閑 sur le fait que ce m閐icament contient un principe actif (testost閞one) pouvant induire une r閍ction optimistic des checks pratiqu閟
lors des contr鬺es antidopage. En conclusion, optimiser votre taux de testost閞one de mani鑢e naturelle peut
avoir un impression significatif sur vos performances et
vos r閟ultats. Avec la gamme de produits BioTechUSA,
vous avez � votre disposition des outils puissants pour soutenir votre
production hormonale et atteindre vos objectifs fitness.
Nos compl閙ents alimentaires sont formul閟 � partir d'ingr閐ients naturels, sans aucun rapport avec les substances dopantes interdites.

Contrairement aux st閞o飀es anabolisants,
nos produits vous permettent de progresser sur le lengthy terme,
sans les effets secondaires n閒astes associ閟 aux substances interdites.
Testogel peut interagir avec d_autres m閐icaments, tels
que les anticoagulants ou l_insuline. Informez votre m閐ecin de tous les traitements que vous prenez, y compris ceux
disponibles sans ordonnance.
Nous fonctionnons uniquement comme une plateforme d_information et ne vendons donc aucun produit ni service.

Testogel peut augmenter le risque d'augmentation de quantity b閚igne
de la prostate ou de d関eloppement d'un cancer de la prostate.
Par cons閝uent, conform閙ent aux directions du
m閐ecin, des examens de la prostate ainsi que des analyses de sang doivent 阾re effectu閟 r間uli鑢ement (voir ci-dessous 玃r閏autions lors de
l'utilisation�).
Il est utilis� chez l'homme comme traitement
substitutif pour remplacer la testost閞one naturelle lorsque
celle-ci n'est plus s閏r閠閑 en quantit� suffisante par les testicules.
Cette insuffisance de s閏r閠ion peut 阾re due aux testicules eux-m阭es ou � l'insuffisance d'une
autre glande qui commande la s閏r閠ion testiculaire (maladie ou
ablation de l'hypophyse). Il peut parfois 阾re difficile de faire les bons choix, y compris en mati鑢e de sant�.

Une transmission de testost閞one, le principe actif de Testogel, � une
autre personne (p.ex. la partenaire ou des enfants) peut avoir lieu en cas de contact 閠roit avec la floor cutan閑 trait閑.
Ceci peut entra頽er, chez la personne expos閑 au contact, une augmentation de la focus de testost閞one
dans le sang et, de ce fait, des effets ind閟irables. Chez les
femmes adultes, des cas d'acn�, d'augmentation de la pilosit�
du corps et/ou du visage, une voix plus grave et des irr間ularit閟 du cycle menstruel ont ainsi 閠� observ閟 dans ce
contexte.
Le web site a 閠� lanc� en 2016 par S閎astien Thovas, coach virtuel.
S閎astien s_est rapidement entour� de professionnels du milieu pour vous transmettre
des contenus de qualit� approuv閟 par nos coachs sportifs.
Ici, nous vous aidons � atteindre vos objectifs de musculation en vous partageant l_expertise de
sp閏ialistes.

References:

https://byizea.fr/

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�ג�ϣ�ĉͱ̹׾长�Ȏ�׃考 -- [未验证] Saundra (2025-07-25 02:45:19)

As you enterprise into Kyiv’s City Center, you’ll encounter a contrasting vibe.
The vibrant ambiance of Khreshchatyk Street,
often bustling with folks, shops, and road performances, provides an exhilarating backdrop to your
cycling expertise. The metropolis heart can also be dotted with key points of interest such as Maidan Nezalezhnosti
and the Nationwide Opera Home, enhancing the cultural depth of your
journey. Make positive to cease and capture some pictures, as these landmarks are iconic symbols of Ukrainian heritage.

In summary, taking the time to grasp bike rentals, costs,
and kit necessities earlier than you hit the biking roads of Kyiv will vastly improve your Kyiv Cycle Tours experience.

With slightly preparedness, you possibly can cycle freely and confidently by
way of this vibrant metropolis, uncovering each
its lovely vistas and rich heritage. As you combine these scenic routes,
it turns into obvious why night biking is a treasured expertise that showcases the
brilliant factor about Kyiv Cycle Excursions.
HGH will compound upon the anabolic and muscle-building effects of steroids.
Utilizing a strong bulking steroid with HGH could see you
gaining 10-20lbs of muscle in a normal cycle.

Anticipate good high quality muscle positive aspects with HGH-X2 with no water retention or bloating.
HGH-X2’s effects on fat loss shouldn’t be underestimated, and
the objective of fat loss typically leads individuals to make use of growth hormones.
HGH-X2 speeds up fat loss by making it extra efficient to make use of saved fat
as energy.
Liver injury also can turn out to be a long-term opposed impact after sustained HGH use.
Medical our bodies often listing enlargement of the center as a potential aspect impact and one that can actually turn out to be a long-term drawback.
Taking HGH for performance purposes may enhance the danger of sort 2 diabetes and coronary heart
disease. Each circumstances can flip into lifelong issues that
could shorten your lifespan. Many HGH users will expertise ache within the joints, muscles, and/or nerves.
Some will develop carpal tunnel syndrome, the place a
nerve that goes into the hand is compressed because of swelling.
This may cause tingling and numbness in the fingers, ache, and hand weak
spot.
When determining the appropriate dosages of Testosterone and Anavar on your cycle, it’s necessary to consider individual
factors similar to age, weight, and experience. The advantages of an Anavar and Test E cycle are numerous and may tremendously improve your
physique and efficiency. Anavar, on the other hand, usually starts at 20-30mg per day for males and 5-10mg
per day for women. It’s essential to find the proper balance to
achieve optimal outcomes while minimizing potential unwanted effects.

The major function of post-cycle therapy is to restart endogenous testosterone production. This aids
in normalizing hormone ranges for optimum physiological and psychological health, as well as retaining results from a cycle.
Anavar and all anabolic steroids are basically types of exogenous testosterone; thus, Anavar will improve
muscle mass. Well-liked stacks embody combining Anavar with testosterone for balanced results while managing
potential dangers.
Over the previous four years, we now have spent
over 123,000 hours researching food supplements, meal shakes, weight reduction, and wholesome residing.
Our aim is to educate people about their effects, benefits, and
how to obtain a maximum wholesome lifestyle. In the PED
area, Testosterone is used as a base – or as a complete cycle for newer customers.
This provides users with base-level libido and well being results, while different medicine will provide energy and development results.
Some bodybuilders opt for authorized Anavar alternate options, corresponding to Anvarol, which mimics Anavar’s fat-burning and anabolic effects.
We have not noticed Anvarol inflicting any side effects, although it
is possible for people to expertise minor reactions.

If you are seeking to get essentially the most out of your Anavar and testosterone cycle, you
want to make certain that you are taking the time to do things appropriately.
Like Anavar and Deca, Anavar and Dianabol can be a bit of
a strange combination and one that very few folks really
use. Girls can use Anavar rather efficiently as a end result
of Anavar may be very low in Androgenic side effects. Be certain to use a really reasonable dose and
never exceed utilization for longer than 6 -8 weeks.

Some even believe the results of Steroids
are extra profound in ladies as a end result of massive change from baseline hormones.
Testosterone is a naturally occurring hormone in the body, however it may possibly result
in unwanted aspect effects when taken exogenously and
in higher amounts.
(4) Magnolini, R., Falcato, L., Cremonesi, A., Schori, D., & Bruggmann, P.
(2022, July 17). Fake anabolic androgenic steroids on the black market –
a systematic review and meta-analysis on qualitative
and quantitative analytical outcomes discovered inside the literature.
We have skilled success with males taking a post-cycle
protocol of either Nolvadex or Clomid. Firstly,
a person can gauge their sensitivity to clenbuterol
by beginning on a low dose and growing it steadily.

Dosages typically start at 15mg day by day for the first three weeks, increasing to 20mg daily for the remaining three weeks.
Girls are suggested to begin with 5mg every day within the first week and
improve to 10mg every day for the following 4 weeks.
This measured strategy minimizes dangers while permitting the physique to
adapt. It will increase muscle energy by bettering the
process of protein synthesis.
In one research, men with HIV received 20 mg of Anavar per day for 12 weeks.
We know that when used in a scientific setting with low to reasonable doses, Anavar
does not sometimes produce harmful unwanted facet
effects. Nutrition and coaching are the cornerstones of
any successful Anavar cycle. By fueling your physique with the best nutrients and following a well-structured
coaching program, you'll be able to optimize the advantages of the steroid and obtain your desired outcomes.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�ג�ϣ�ĉͱ̹׾长�Ȏ�׃考 -- [未验证] Jan (2025-07-24 18:33:21)

We know from authorities data that most people simply don't get enough Omega three of their diet.
Thus, you will need to complement with some Omega-3 medication that will help
you battle inflammation and ldl cholesterol. The easiest approach to shield your
kidneys is to stay correctly hydrated, so that you higher ensure
you have a water bottle helpful. The kidneys will also be
taking a giant hit when using each of those compounds.

Unlike the liver, these two cannot recover as soon as they are damaged, so you want to use one thing to protect them.
Whether Or Not you might be utilizing Tudca, Glutathione,
or OTC liver medicine, anything will help. Each of these medication will negatively affect the liver,
so that you higher be certain to take one thing.

Outcomes from Winstrol plus Anavar can range depending on numerous components, together with individual response, diet,
coaching, and dosage. However, many customers report noticeable improvements in muscle definition, strength, and endurance
inside the first few weeks of starting the cycle. Important outcomes are sometimes observed after finishing a full 6
to 8-week cycle. Yes, both Winstrol and Anavar are thought
of appropriate for feminine use, thanks to their comparatively gentle nature.

If you have by no means used anabolic steroids earlier than, you should start with a beginner cycle
to see how your body reacts to Oxandrolone. Novices normally do 20 to 30 mg of steroids every day for
6 to 8 weeks. In The End, consulting with a healthcare skilled
is important for anybody considering stacking Winstrol and Anavar.
By looking for professional steerage, you'll have the ability to maximize the benefits of those steroids whereas minimizing the dangers,
guaranteeing a secure and effective method to enhancing your athletic performance.

In conclusion, the Winstrol and Anavar stack presents a
robust combination of effects that may assist to enhance athletic performance and muscle progress.

By rigorously understanding the synergistic effects of those two steroids,
athletes and bodybuilders could make informed choices about
incorporating this stack into their fitness regimen. Remember to always consult with a healthcare skilled earlier
than beginning any new supplement regimen to ensure security and effectiveness.

With the best method, the Winstrol and anavar bodybuilding dosage stack could be
a priceless software in attaining your health goals.

With Winstrol, users would possibly anticipate vital fat loss, improved energy usage, and enhanced muscle definition. In comparability, Anavar leans extra
towards sustainable power features, elevated
energy, and enhanced efficiency without substantial weight positive aspects.
When contemplating dosages for a Winstrol and Anavar stack,
it’s essential to start with decrease doses and steadily increase them to search out the optimal balance on your physique.
Some customers discover that a typical dosage range for Winstrol is 20-50mg per day, while Anavar is usually dosed at 30-80mg
per day. It’s essential to hearken to your body and regulate dosages accordingly to avoid any potential unwanted facet effects.
If you are on the lookout for a more healthy method to approach bodybuilding, try the dietary supplements from Crazy Mass.

The essential thing to recollect with a Winstrol and Anavar stack is that,
like several efficiency enhancer, it’s not universal. The cycle that includes each Anavar and Winstrol typically begins with smaller dosages of each substances to
gauge the body’s preliminary response. The dosages might then be
steadily elevated, but all the time with the utmost heed. In common, the Anavar part of the cycle is intended to concentrate on boosting strength and overall endurance while Winstrol primarily helps in fats discount and
muscle tightening.
It is advised not to stack Winstrol with some other oral steroids to prevent extreme hepatotoxicity.

Thus, Winstrol and Anavar will maximize muscle definition and vascularity, not like other anabolic
steroids, due to less extracellular fluid volume.
When combining Winstrol and Anavar with different dietary supplements,
you will want to perceive the potential synergistic effects which will occur.
By strategically stacking these two powerful steroids with complementary supplements, users can maximize their advantages while minimizing potential unwanted aspect effects.

Total, the Winstrol and Anavar stack is a well-liked selection for individuals seeking to take their physique to the next
level. It is essential to note that correct dosage and
cycling protocols should always be followed to attenuate potential side effects and maximize outcomes.

Correct Post-Cycle Remedy (PCT) is essential after a Winstrol
and Anavar cycle. PCT helps restore pure testosterone ranges, which can be suppressed through the cycle and helps keep the
muscle features made. In my expertise, an acceptable PCT
protocol for this specific cycle can involve using pure testosterone production supplements similar to DHEA.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�ג�ϣ�ĉͱ̹׾长�Ȏ�׃考 -- [未验证] Amy (2025-07-24 12:50:32)

They blame steroids for each single travesty the world has ever seen and so they suppose that can take a mild-mannered.
For instance, CrazyBulk's Winsol is a pure steroid that can be utilized as a
substitute for Winstrol. The worth of Dianabol 50 mg tablets can vary broadly
relying on the source, location, and whether it is bought legally or on the black market.
However, you will want to observe that purchasing Dianabol and not using a prescription is unlawful in many nations.
Sure, in many nations, including the Usa, it's illegal to own or use Dianabol without a prescription. It is assessed as a Schedule III managed substance underneath the Managed Substances
Act.
The lack of danger of water retention is a serious advantage of Anavar and an enormous reason why
it’s such a well-liked and potent chopping compound, including for
competitive customers. 20-30mg is a safe place to
begin for first-time Anavar customers who're nervous about unwanted effects.
While this could be a good dosage range if it’s your first time
utilizing Anavar, some guys won’t see a lot of response at this level.
As at all times, flexibility in adjusting your dose in the course of
the cycle is needed. Since Anavar begins working shortly, you’ll have a good idea of whether you’re responding to this low dose early.

It is really helpful to split the every day dose into a
number of smaller doses all through the day to maintain steady blood ranges.

Dianabol has a comparatively quick half-life of about 3-5 hours,
so it's usually taken multiple instances a day to keep
up secure blood ranges. The optimal frequency of dosing depends
on the dosage and personal tolerance stage.
Wait 14 days submit cycle to begin recovery and use 50mg/day Clomid for 20 days and zero.5mg/day Arimidex
alongside it. Anavar itself is derived from DHT (dihydrotestosterone), with some slight alterations
to the structure of the hormone. Because it is a DHT steroid, it could bring about head hair loss in male customers who're already genetically predisposed to male pattern baldness.

The following is an aggressive PCT protocol designed
by Dr. Michael Scally, a leading expert in hormone substitute.
This was used in a scientific setting on 19 males, during which 100% of them recovered their
pure testosterone manufacturing 45 days after taking steroids.
Moreover, some analysis suggests DHT may be the better muscle-building hormone when in comparison with testosterone (23).
This would make sense contemplating some of our bodybuilders
report much less muscle and energy features when stacking
Dianabol with Proscar (finasteride), a DHT inhibitor.
Analysis also confirms this, with 51.9% of men experiencing
muscle loss or muscle tone when taking finasteride (24).
Dianabol will trigger a major enhance in muscular power and size.

You can mix Danabol with robust steroids corresponding to testosterone and its variants such as
Sustanon, Omnadren or esters similar to Enanthate and Propionate.
One Other in style combination is Kids together with methane.
In Accordance to critiques, Dainabol is type of efficient in drying courses.
Low doses of Danabol together with delicate oral steroids (Winstrol or Okandrolone) assist burn subcutaneous fat and build muscle mass.

Dianabol is a robust anabolic steroid that may have severe unwanted facet effects
if not taken properly. While most people who take Dianabol do not expertise any main issues, it’s important to listen to the potential risks earlier than beginning this
or any other steroid cycle.
Bodybuilders not lucky enough to live in Mexico or Thailand (where methandrostenolone
is legal) commonly buy Dianabol on the black market (illegally).
The half-life of Dianabol is roughly 3-6 hours; thus, utilizing the very best value (being 6), we can calculate that
all of the methandrostenolone will have left the
physique after 33 hours. Dr. Scally has successfully treated one hundred males for hypogonadism with effective PCT protocols corresponding to this one.

We have also had success in accelerating HPTA recovery with this trio.
You can use a capsule cutter to separate the dose, or you can opt for
smaller doses (5 mg) when shopping for methandrostenolone.

The number of Dianabol tablets you want to take a day is dependent upon the dosage of the tablets
and your individual needs. In Contrast To injectable steroids, Dianabol’s 10mg
tablets are straightforward to take, making it a
most popular choice for newbies and individuals who dislike needles.
Proviron is arguably most effectively used during a Dianabol
cycle, "acting as a wingman," says Dr. O’Connor, to enhance Dianabol’s
anabolic properties whereas decreasing aromatization. Dianabol and Deca Durabolin (nandrolone)
are a possible mixture to stack collectively when bulking.

Thus, there is not much profit in adding creatine to your Dianabol cycle.
Nonetheless, there are appreciable drawbacks, as it could amplify a number of the unwanted effects skilled with Dianabol.

Equally, for maximum results, ensure frequent doses are taken all through the day (every 2–4 hours).

Whereas the promise of better positive aspects might sound oh so tempting, this sort of Dbol regime
will put a pressure on your liver. As we already talked about (and sorry for shattering those Dbol
newbie dreams!), a Dbol cycle isn't for the faint-hearted.

If you’re thinking about utilizing Dianabol, persist with the cut up
cycle as an alternative. This isn’t a ‘go onerous or go home’ scenario, so don’t full into the trap of
taking the total dosage pre-workout. If you’re decided
to go down the Dbol solely cycle route, attempt persist with 4-5 weeks.
Certain, bodybuilders have been identified to much
less Dianabol’s side effects by stacking it with one other
product, however you won’t quite escape them completely.

　留言总数6帖　页次:1/1　每页:20条　

图书信息