赵化成：中国早期长城的考古调查与研究(1) …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《中国早期长城的考古调查与研究(1)》
作　　者：赵化成
　　　　　北京大学考古学系副教授
出　　处：长城国际学术研讨会论文集
发表时间：1994-09-01
分类号：K878
文　　摘：

中国长城的建置始于战国,终于明代,而战国、秦、汉长城又被称作早期长城。早期长城的文献记载大都相当简略,后世治长城史家虽稽古钩沉,不遗余力,然终难明了其状。幸好,这些长城虽历经二千多年风风雨雨,然大部仍有遗迹可寻。探寻古长城的工作自本世纪初即已开始,但在五、六十年代以前多是一些局部的、零星的考察,六、七十年代以来,史地、考古学者开始进行较大规模的实地调查和发掘。目前,对早期长城的基本情况已经掌握。本文即对这些工作略加回顾并概述其发现与研究成果。

正　　文：

一、魏河西长城和秦“堑洛”长城
战国时期齐、楚、魏、赵、燕、秦都筑有长城。迄今调查工作较多的有魏河西长城、赵北长城、燕北长城和秦昭王长城。
史载魏长城有三,其中魏南长城、硖石长城调查尚少,姑且不论。关于魏河西长城,《古本竹书纪年》周显王 ……

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参考文献：

[1]中国社会科学院考古研究所陕西工作队:《陕西华阴、大荔魏长城勘查记》,《考古》1980年6期。
[2]张莜衡遗稿:《梁惠王西河长城考》,《人文杂志》1958年6期。
[3]、[8]、[23]史念海:《黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索》,《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》(以下简称《长城报告集》),文物出版社,1981年2月。
[4]陈梦东、刘合心:《魏国西长城调查》,《人文杂志》1983年6期。
[5]、[7]辛德勇、李诚:《论魏国西长城的走向一与陈梦东、刘合心同志商榷》,《人文杂志》1985 年1期。
[6]齐鸿浩、袁继民:《陕西澄城县、黄龙县交界处战国魏长城》,《考古》1991年3期。[9]夏振英、呼林贵:《陕西华阴境内秦魏长城考》,《文博》1985年3期。
[10]史念海:《洛河右岸战国时期桊长城遗迹的探索》,《文物》1985 年11期。

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Perfect for chopping cycles, first-time users, or these needing a efficiency
increase for occasions or short-term goals. Apoptosis, which is a type of programmed cell
death, has additionally been linked to the injury brought
on by anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) [19, 20, 21]. Research have proven that supraphysiological concentrations of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) can induce neurotoxicity by involving the apoptotic course of and neurodegeneration [20].
Anavar only produces moderate will increase in lean mass;
hence, why it’s used for chopping. Its capacity to burn subcutaneous fat
is surpassed by few steroids as a result of its profound impact on T3
(triiodothyronine) ranges.
Steroids are performance enhancing medication, so, if you are keen on breaking the regulation to considerably improve your muscle constructing capabilities, go ahead.
Steroids have been created to deal with medical sufferers
who had been suffering from muscle-wasting diseases corresponding to
HIV/AIDS. They had been engineered to have as
few unwanted side effects as possible, however nonetheless have fairly
a couple of unwanted aspect effects such as suppressing Testosterone levels, hair loss, and prostate most
cancers [2]. Steroids, as synthetic substances, are categorized as controlled substances in plenty of countries.
Their non-medical use is illegal and can end result
in severe legal consequences. However, there are authorized loopholes and underground markets where people can obtain steroids without a prescription.
The androgenic to anabolic ratio is necessary
in determining the clinical functions of the substances that exert an anabolic effect.

The compounds that are used in medical functions ought to be diminished with the androgenic effect
when offering anabolic treatment. The concern of anabolic steroids and bone development has been examined in both younger and grownup populations.

Androgens are bi-phasic in that they stimulate endochondral bone formation and induce progress plate
closure on the end of puberty. The actions of androgens on the expansion plate are mediated to a
big extent by aromatization to estrogens (Vanderschueren et al., 2004; Hoffman, 2002).
Anabolic steroid use leads to vital elevations in estrogens thought to impact premature
closure of the growth plate.
At high doses, AASs can have an antiestrogenic effect due to down-regulation of androgen receptors and competition with estrogens for their receptors [15].
When contemplating testosterone remedy or steroids, it’s essential to know the crucial variations between these two substances.
Whereas each may contain related hormones,
their makes use of, dosages, dangers, and benefits are vastly different.
TRT is a medically supervised treatment that restores normal
testosterone ranges and improves quality of life, whereas anabolic steroids are
often abused to reinforce muscle mass with severe well being risks.
In the search for optimum health and well-being, understanding the important
thing differences between testosterone substitute therapy (TRT)
and anabolic steroids is crucial.
HGH prompts your liver to create a development hormone referred to
as insulin-like progress factor-1 (IGF-1). This promotes cell regeneration and progress, not directly supporting muscle development and growing vitality.
Whereas misused for aesthetic purposes, each substances have reliable
medical purposes. Synthetic HGH is used as alternative therapy to treat progress hormone deficiency in kids and adults.
Doctors prescribe testosterone remedy to deal with men with clinically low testosterone levels.

While these medication are commonly already acquired by AAS customers from the black market, they may be
prescribed to patients affected by erectile dysfunction which is both natural or psychogenic in nature.

A referral to a sexologist is suggested for those in whom a psychogenic trigger is
likely – which is widespread in our experience. AAS are mostly administered by intramuscular
(i.m.) injection or by oral ingestion.
However, laws regarding its use for non-medical reasons, like anti-aging, vary from state to state.
Practically one-third of people who misuse anabolic steroids turn into dependent on them.

That means over time it begins to take larger and more
frequent doses to get the same results. "Pyramiding" is one other sort of anabolic steroid utilization people try to prevent harmful side effects.

It’s clear from our dialogue right here that they each serve completely different functions and
carry different implications for health. The greatest difference
between testosterone replacement remedy and steroids is the dose
used and the top goal. Therefore, users will retain nearly all of muscle they achieve from steroids (if they continue to carry weights and
train). If users stop lifting weights and
experience muscle atrophy, should they resume coaching
in the future, the physique will restore the previous muscle
dimension in a matter of weeks. Trenbolone has an androgenic ranking of 500, indicating
its potent nature in this regard.
Since the discovery and synthesis of testosterone within the Thirties, AAS have been used by physicians for lots of functions, with various degrees of success.
By using hormones which may be similar to the body’s naturally occurring hormones, BHRT supplies a safe and efficient method to
restore hormonal balance in males. Actually, testosterone restoration appears to observe pretty related timelines, no matter
which nandrolone you choose. It’s actually nearly when you
probably can truly begin your restoration protocol. With NPP, estrogenic effects can present up fairly quickly—sometimes within the first few weeks.

References:

Clenbuterol Safety Precautions

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֔化�ɣ�א�굠�长�ǵĿ脊&# -- [未验证] Roxanne (2025-11-01 09:53:28)

For comparable reasons, we do not prescribe anabolic steroids for performance or image enhancing purposes.
The typical person of AAS is male, aged between 20 and forty and engaged in weight lifting,
bodybuilding, strongman competitions or martial arts,
primarily kickboxing and mixed martial arts.

Though most physique building organizations have a drug free policy, drug checks are largely not executed.
As a outcome, using anabolic steroids amongst rivals is widespread
and is a necessity to be competitive, especially on the elite levels.
The exploration of safer steroid choices for bodybuilding sheds mild on the complex panorama of performance
enhancement. While compounds like testosterone, Anavar, Primobolan, and HGH offer potential benefits, they also include risks
that can’t be ignored.
The suppression of the immune system implies that even minor infections
can turn out to be critical, resulting in longer restoration times.
There’s nothing wrong with enthusiasm, however diving in with zero data or thought of
what might go incorrect, let alone HOW you should be
using steroids, goes to show your steroid expertise right into a living
nightmare. Injectable steroids have an hooked up ester that controls how rapidly
the hormone is released, and these steroids (and their metabolites) will all the time remain detectable for much longer.
The type of steroid is going to be the principle issue concerning its detection time since the steroid sort will determine all the opposite factors I’ve outlined beneath.
Long-term metabolites mixed with long-term storage of samples also contribute to retrospective
drug testing functionality.
The bonded ester controls the speed at which the hormone is launched into your physique after injection. You’ll find testosterone steroids with totally different
hooked up esters – some have a short half-life, and others
are very lengthy or slow-acting. Figuring Out in regards to the half-lives of
steroids24 will contribute significantly in course of your success whereas utilizing
each compound! Half-life is a scientific concept that's utilized to all types of medicine and substances, whether
it be steroids, prescription drugs, or nutritional
vitamins (and more). After you’ve taken a steroid orally
or by injection, the steroid travels through your bloodstream (at
a pace controlled by an hooked up ester, if one exists) and to the muscular tissues.

Androgen receptors within the muscle tissue obtain the steroid, and as soon as inside the muscle cell, the
steroid can additional stimulate protein synthesis17.

In other instances, it can deliver plenty of unwanted consideration to the person with
prying eyes. AAS users are significantly reluctant to reveal their AAS use to docs.
In a study from our group (Pope et al., 2004), 20 (56%) of 36 AAS customers reported that they'd by no means disclosed their AAS
use to any physician that they had seen.
Remember, no amount of muscle acquire is price compromising long-term health and well-being.
Its major purpose is to help restore the body’s natural hormone manufacturing,
which is suppressed throughout steroid use. Trenbolone is an androgenic steroid that can cause masculinizing
results in ladies, including a deeper voice. Trenbolone
binds to and prompts androgen receptors, which are present in various
tissues throughout the body. As a man myself, I can attest to the truth that steroids may
cause you to develop a deeper voice.
By far, probably the most crucial and regarding facet impact for males using steroids is
the way the introduction of artificial hormones into the
physique slows down or typically shuts down, the normal functioning
that produces testosterone. Once the steroids are stopped, the physique is
no longer receiving the bogus hormones, and
the consumer is left in a state of very
low and even no testosterone. Each cycle is limited to 4-6 weeks and consists of only one
steroid compound per cycle. We can’t think about Clenbuterol Comparing CrossFit to Traditional Gym Workouts be a secure drug, and there are undoubtedly other safer fat-burning options on the market (even a steroid like Anavar is
more probably to come with fewer risks for females).
Ladies can use Winstrol at very low doses for brief intervals with minimal
virilization risk. This steroid will typically place you at
the next danger of virilization should you resolve that the low dose isn’t enough – its androgenic (virilizing) effects are going
to be more pronounced than Anavar, Primobolan, and Equipoise.
While the danger of virilizing effects is comparatively low with Equipoise (provided your dosage is not
excessive), if those indicators begin to develop, they may take longer to subside.

Look for anabolic steroids with least side effects
to attenuate health risks and discover the most secure steroid cycle that suits your objectives and health wants.

These are derived from Dihydrotestosterone and are recognized for selling
muscle growth with fewer dangers. These can be thought of among the many safest anabolic steroids, particularly for these over 50.
The diagnosis of anabolic steroid abuse in highschool, college, and
professional athletes might happen with a failed drug
check, but many people who abuse these medication are by no means randomly tested.
Doctors usually make the prognosis when someone develops one
of the unwanted aspect effects of steroid use. Thirty-one males enrolled in the HAARLEM research have been subjected to 3D echocardiography earlier than, at the
finish, and a median of eight months after the start
of their self-administered AAS cycles (97).
The bodybuilder and TikToker David Rau (25,600 followers) has been open about his
experience. These anabolic steroids also produce milder unwanted aspect effects compared to trenbolone,
in our expertise. For extra data on suitable anabolic steroids for women, learn this article,
which references related medical analysis and provides dosing guidelines.

This is especially worrisome as there is considerable evidence that myocardial harm, which
can accumulate in years of ongoing AAS use, is a
main trigger for sudden cardiac death in AAS customers (217).
Since giant doses of AAS are administered during an AAS cycle, it is evident that the development of gynecomastia throughout AAS use isn't the
results of an absolute or relative deficiency of androgenic action. Estradiol levels improve dose-dependently
with testosterone administration; nevertheless, the increase is of proportionately lesser magnitude with growing doses,
indicating saturation of aromatase activity (23).
As such, it seems affordable to conclude that an absolute extra of estrogenic motion causes the event of gynecomastia during AAS use, regardless of its relative
motion compared with androgens. The premise of hormonal male
contraception hinges on the unfavorable suggestions exerted by sex hormones on LH and FSH secretion.
The results of SERMs haven't been studied extensively in males and
long-term results are unknown. In males, aromatisation of testosterone to oestradiol is vital
to reach and keep bone mass, and the long-term results
of SERM administration on bone health in hypo- or eugonadal men have not been established.
Also, there's evidence that sexual function in males is decided by the mixed results of androgens and oestrogens (21).
Although detrimental results of SERMs on sexual perform in males haven't been reported in small and short-term research (22),
these effects can't be excluded. If testosterone levels usually are not very low and signs are nicely
tolerated, ready for spontaneous recovery of the HPG axis
is advised.

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֔化�ɣ�א�굠�长�ǵĿ脊&# -- [未验证] Jenny (2025-11-01 09:41:48)

CrazyBulk is our really helpful supply for authorized
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We have discovered Olympus Males to be the most cost-effective supplier, with remedies starting from $148
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She obtained her MFA in Inventive Writing from Antioch College and has labored as an editor for over
10 years.
It’s straightforward for different people to see a big and muscular dude walking down the road and routinely assume he’s
on steroids. The word "steroid" is a broad-ranging term used to describe any compound
with a specific molecular structure—in this case, composed of
4 fused rings of 17 carbon atoms. The perform of steroids is to either keep the integrity of a cell’s
membrane or activate a receptor on a cell’s floor to manage the means it behaves.
They could also be taken solely when prescribed by a physician to
deal with a medical condition. Steroid use has been linked to temper swings,
aggression, anxiety, and melancholy. The psychological impact of steroids, often referred to
as "roid rage," can considerably have an result on an athlete’s
habits and psychological well-being. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies
nandrolone as a Schedule III managed substance beneath the Anabolic Steroids Control
Act of 1990.
Its impression could also be much less important for individuals with regular HGH ranges, according to a 2007 report on NPR.
For those in search of to boost HGH naturally, there are protected and efficient methods to extend growth hormone
levels in the physique. Furthermore, the usage of steroids
can pose risks to an athlete’s health and well-being.
People should weigh the potential short-term positive aspects in performance in opposition to the potential long-term consequences on their
total health. Additionally, the strain to make use of steroids to realize desired results can create a tradition of drug dependency
and perpetuate the cycle of doping in sports.
Primobolan is an anabolic steroid derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that promotes muscle growth and improves performance.
It works by binding to androgen receptors in muscle tissues,
enhancing protein synthesis, and improving nitrogen retention, leading to
elevated muscle mass and energy. Whereas steroids could be useful for
medical functions when used beneath the supervision of a healthcare
professional, additionally they include a spread of potential
risks and side effects. In addition, the non-medical use of steroids is illegal in plenty of
international locations, together with the United States.
According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, anabolic steroids are categorised as a Schedule III controlled substance.
Steroids work by growing protein synthesis inside cells, which
results in a rapid buildup of muscle tissue.
In medicine, Dianabol was also prescribed to deal with the
aged and those suffering from extreme burns, with each of those individuals prone to appreciable reductions in muscle mass.
Dr. Ziegler noted that the Russian athletes were experiencing androgenic unwanted facet effects in the course of the 1956 Olympics (in Australia) when he found out they have been experiencing issue urinating.
This was as a end result of enlarged prostates attributable to the excessive conversion from testosterone to DHT.
Corticosteroids shortly decrease inflammation by mimicking the results of cortisol.

Whereas they are often helpful for acute or extreme chronic inflammatory circumstances, these drugs are additionally infamous for their negative unwanted side effects over time.
However, taking steroids for other functions is in opposition to the law,
as nicely as taking steroids that aren't prescribed to you for any
underlying medical condition. Corticosteroids, then again, are medications used to help deal with
a selection of acute and persistent health conditions.

Corticosteroids, often prescribed by doctors, are a sort
of steroid medicine used to scale back inflammation in the physique and
deal with numerous medical situations. Anabolic steroids, then again, are sometimes used illicitly by athletes,
bodybuilders, and fitness lovers to achieve a aggressive edge
or obtain a more muscular physique. For the low season athlete Nandrolone is usually a staple and top-of-the-line selections he
can make. Will Increase in mass is not going to occur at a rapid rate, and that will stay true even if utilizing a brief ester model.
You’re not going to realize 20-30lbs of mass in four
weeks as you might with Oxymetholone, however you'll acquire quality mass and quite
a bit over time, not the sloppy mass typically seen in rapid
performing mass builders.
We have seen Winstrol regularly cause masculinization in women when utilized in moderate doses.
This is due to its low affinity when binding
to SHBG, thus dramatically growing free testosterone levels.

Thus, bodybuilders under our care generally make the most of
post-cycle therapy (PCT) to efficiently speed up the recovery of their testosterone production.
One of the most important risks of taking anabolic steroids is that they will lead to liver
harm. In addition, they will also increase your blood pressure and cholesterol levels,
which can put you in danger for heart disease. Most
of Anadrol’s side effects may be thought-about short-term, however with high dose or
long-term use, they danger turning into (or causing) long-term health issues.
How you utilize Anadrol will determine how short-term these unwanted effects might be.
They embody familiar steroid unwanted facet effects similar
to testosterone suppression, liver toxicity, water retention, gynecomastia, complications, increased
blood stress, and unfavorable ldl cholesterol adjustments.
HGH is generally considered much less dangerous than most anabolic steroids,
with less chance of extreme unwanted aspect effects.

Methenolone is famend for its compatibility with each male and female users,
making it a versatile possibility. While some anabolic steroids may have the next risk of virilization in ladies, Methenolone
provides anabolic effects with a decrease chance of causing extreme masculinizing unwanted side effects.

This makes it a positive selection for girls seeking efficiency enhancement
or physique improvement without compromising their femininity.

Many female athletes and bodybuilders have reported
constructive experiences with Methenolone, attaining desired outcomes
while minimizing the chance of creating irreversible virilization results.
It is favored by people who prioritize lean muscle positive aspects, improved power,
and enhanced athletic efficiency with out the chance of extreme water retention or
unwanted estrogenic effects. Additionally, Primobolan is understood
for its relatively gentle nature and lower androgenic exercise
in comparison with other steroids, making it a most well-liked
selection for both women and men.

References:

PedsElite

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֔化�ɣ�א�굠�长�ǵĿ脊&# -- [未验证] Lakeisha (2025-11-01 08:53:21)

Still, it’s no slouch in the muscle growth division both, and a benefit is that it doesn’t
aromatize, so it's less prone to have you experiencing issues like water retention. The modified DHT shaped into Stanozolol has increased
anabolic properties Creatine for triathletes muscle and energy features while decreasing its androgenic properties.
Sustanon 250 comes with the same side effects and dangers as all different forms
of testosterone. Gyno and water retention have to be controlled,
primarily as excess fluid can elevate blood pressure.
Sustanon could have excessive androgenic
effects, but some guys are far more delicate than others to creating pimples and hair loss.

It plays an important position in the improvement of male sexual traits, muscle mass, bone density, and overall power ranges.
As folks age or because of specific medical circumstances,
testosterone levels can drop. This can cause a variety of signs, from fatigue and low libido to lack
of muscle mass and despair.
To avoid pain and irritation, rotate your injection sites each time, and don’t inject into the identical muscle with
out letting it recover. However not simply a thousand calories of anything; clearly, you will want to concentrate on how much protein you’re taking and the
quality of that protein. Protein intake must be around 1mg per 1 pound of
physique weight as a guide, however hardcore guys will typically double that.
Most folks won’t need to alter their diet or workout regime a lot in comparison with being on or off cycle.

When we are saying steroids, we're usually referring to
prednisone, however there are literally seven courses of steroid medicine.
Each one works in one other way on the physique, and each has its own potential unwanted effects.
It is essential to understand what sort of treatment you are giving your canine and to recognize the indicators of potential problems the drug
could trigger. They’re notorious for his or her muscle-bulking
energy and notorious for the health dangers they pose.
Anabolic steroids like Dianabol, Winstrol, and Anavar each have unique traits that give them an edge in several cycles.
Clenbutrol and Anvarol cycles provide different choices if
you’re seeking to sculpt your physique.
They have a ‘photoshopped’ look to their our bodies, because of
sure muscle teams popping out; such as traps and deltoids.
These muscles are more susceptible to muscle development as a outcome of these muscle teams have a excessive number of androgen receptors.
Oxymetholone, A Bombs, Anaps, no matter you name them, respect them.

3 instances as Anabolic as Testosterone, you possibly can expect wild positive aspects when using Anadrol.
You also can anticipate your sTrength to sky rocket, as DHT derivatives are known to do.
Has an inclination to wreck your appetite as all orals do, so its use within the off
season does have limitations. A primary, the male sexual hormone.and the place most
customers begin ther PED journey.
So, while a steroid will now not be providing you with
any efficiency advantages, it might nonetheless be detected in a drug check many weeks
and even months later. Generally, any oral steroid could have a shorter detection time than injectables, although it could nonetheless be surprisingly lengthy (potentially a number of
weeks) when contemplating the brief half-life. These intramuscular injections guarantee the
answer is entered deep into the muscle, which might journey
steadily and safely via smaller veins quite than being placed
instantly into the bloodstream. The steroids are quickly absorbed, and fast-acting steroids can start working as soon as you count on them to.
Another kind of syringe many steroid users additionally purchase is
the smaller 1ml insulin syringe. These syringes with needles hooked up are unsuitable
for muscle injection but are used instead for subcutaneous injections.

Take Tren at 300mg weekly, Anavar at 50mg day by day, and don’t neglect your testosterone prop at 300mg weekly.
It is ideal for contest prep, especially if you
add Halotestin for the last three weeks of the cycle,
which is ready to harden up the physique while boosting strength quite dramatically.
Steroid stacks mix two or extra compounds so you possibly can combine their advantages and obtain higher
results than using only one compound alone.
The excellent news is that zits can disappear once you stop the
steroid; however, baldness is extra everlasting. Making PCT a crucial a part of each
steroid cycle is a habit you should get into, starting from your first cycle as a beginner.
These and other PCT drugs35 come with their potential side effects, so
always do your research before deciding which of them to use.
If you’re like me, you might feel horrible on high-dose Testosterone (1000mg
weekly, for example). Then, some guys use greater than 3000mg of steroids per week (not recommended).

The main level is that utilizing these high
doses works for them, but it doesn’t make sense to me.
With expertise, you get to work out what gives YOU one
of the best results, however nobody should be beginning with massive doses.

After binding with the androgen receptor, they set off and
stimulate protein synthesis. By doing so, these steroid hormones help to build muscle, bone tissue, and different constructions (1).

Chemists have manufactured many various varieties of anabolic steroids over the
past many years. The objective of chemists is to advertise the anabolic effect of the drug whereas lowering the androgenic unwanted effects that might be life-threatening.
"Pyramiding" is another kind of anabolic steroid utilization individuals try to stop
harmful side effects. You begin by taking a low dose
of a quantity of anabolic steroids, after which enhance your dosage over time.
Once you get to a maximum dose, you cease taking them for a rest period
earlier than starting once more.

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֔化�ɣ�א�굠�长�ǵĿ脊&# -- [未验证] Clement (2025-11-01 07:54:23)

Testosterone, Nandrolone Decanoate (ND), methandienone, and methenolol, are essentially the most generally abused androgens [2].
AAS use is widespread due to their ability to enhance muscle growth for esthetic functions and athletes’ efficiency, minimizing
androgenic effects [3]. Certainly, androgens are capable of enhance
the dimensions of muscle fibers as nicely as muscle
energy, and while their use was initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these days it
has turn out to be extra popular among leisure athletes [4,5].
Indeed, AASs had a task in the treatment of chronic kidney illness and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, in addition to inoperable breast cancer, and for ailments characterised by a
negative nitrogen stability [2]. Nonetheless, AAS use
continues to be extremely popular and 1–3% of US
inhabitants have been estimated to be AAS customers [6].

Nevertheless, AASs have side effects involving all organs, tissues and body capabilities,
especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, therefore,
their abuse is taken into account a public health concern [9,10].
In this regard, an elevated awareness is required among the many inhabitants and
healthcare workers, each for diagnostic, therapeutic and prevention purposes.

Six of eight sites (75%) supplied at least one postcycle recovery agent with commonly provided
options together with gonadotropins, serum estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors (Table 2).
Five of eight (62%) of websites supplied at least one ED medicine, usually phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, but one website (anabolics-supplementary.com) additionally provided intracavernosal injection remedy.

An imbalance in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism
significantly impacts female well being and well-being, impacting reproductive tissues, temper, cognition,
skin, bones, vasculature, and muscles (Arlt et al., 1999,
Labrie et al., 2001, Smith and Batur, 2001). Scientific situations such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), and deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase enzyme are linked to elevated endogenous androgens ranges (Bachmann et al., 2002, Huang and Basaria,
2018). Hyperandrogenism will increase the skińs sensitivity to androgens, leading to
manifestations similar to seborrhoea, acne, hirsutism, and androgenic alopecia (SAHA
syndrome) (Makrantonaki and Zouboulis, 2020, Orfanos et al., 2000).

When on a cycle with almost any compound, you’ll discover that your restoration will substantially enhance.
You will see yourself recovering faster and
needing much less downtime between sessions27. 50mg every day of Clomid (20 days total), and include half mg per
day of Arimidex, which continues for an extra week (27
days total). Clomid and Arimidex are your friends, so ensure you've enough before beginning this cycle.

By distinction, supraphysiologic T (500 nM) reduces astrocyte AQP protein expression (Gu et al., 2003).
Although the effects of orchidectomy on astrocyte AQP4 expression have but to be described,
orchidectomy decreases kidney AQP4 channel expression in male rats (Loh et al.,
2017). Thus, it seems that eugonadal androgen levels are wanted for normal
AQP4 channel expression and function. While oxidative stress reportedly upregulates AQP4 channel expression (Bi et al.,
2017), OS additionally liberates zinc ion (Zn2+), an inhibitor of AQP4 channel operate
(Yukutake et al., 2009), from redox-sensitive intracellular Zn2+ sequestration sites
(Kr鰊cke and Klotz, 2009; Furuta et al., 2017). Amyloid plaques comprise high Zn2+ concentrations and
Zn2+ levels are high postmortem in hippocampal neurons from people with
AD (Lovell et al., 1998; Suh et al., 2000). Accordingly, irregular androgen levels and extra oxidative
stress directly, and indirectly by way of Zn2+ mobilization, limit Aβ elimination by AQP4 channels.
Sleep deprivation upregulates GSK3β exercise (Xia et al., 2018),
which might be a basis for sleep deprivation-induced oxidative stress, Aβ, and tau-P
will increase.
Anavar is a well-liked oral steroid that may boost power, fats loss,
and healing benefits but with little size acquire. Another profit is the shortage of aromatizing activity, so even should you achieve a small quantity of mass during this
cycle, Anavar won’t be inflicting fluid retention, and
importantly, you’ll get a tougher and extra defined physique, together
with increased vascularity. Dianabol comes in oral and injectable varieties, but oral is essentially the most commonly used.
The slight chemical modification of testosterone offers Dianabol less androgenic results than common testosterone.
Dianabol works superbly when used with different steroids in a stack, and this is how it is most commonly used and supplies the most benefits.

The aim of the proposed evaluation is to spotlight the newest proof regarding the mechanisms of motion of
AASs and their negative effects on organs and way of life, in addition to
suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse lead to antagonistic results in all physique tissues and organs.
Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms
involved in AAS-related damage in the entire body.
The cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are the most incessantly concerned apparatuses.

The distinction between testosterone remedy and steroids is a
matter of intention and outcome. The same hormones could also be used
in both—but if you’re struggling with the symptoms of low T,
you can rest assured understanding that testosterone replacement remedy is a secure and medically-approved treatment that can assist improve your high quality of life.

If you are battling low-T and are considering testosterone therapy to help alleviate your symptoms, you don’t
want to worry about your medication being confused with performance-enhancing medication. By consulting with a licensed medical practitioner, you’ll be acquiring or
utilizing testosterone or different androgens safely, legally, and throughout the tips of
a medical prescription. Total serum testosterone should be measured periodically, starting from the primary month after
initiating therapy in patients utilizing nasal testosterone gel, and remedy ought to terminate if total testosterone exceeds 1050 ng/dL.

During the follicular section, these concentrations gradually increase, culminating in a peak in testosterone and a rise in androstenedione in the preovulatory interval.
In the late luteal phase, androstenedione concentrations proceed to increase, but testosterone ranges remain secure (Judd and Yen, 1973,
Sinha-Hikim et al., 1998). Direct assays for testosterone measurement in ladies are extremely unsure, in contrast to liquid or fuel chromatography and mass spectrometry, which demonstrate excessive precision and reproducibility (Bachmann et al., 2002, Davis et al., 2019).

Anadrol begins working fast, so its best use is firstly of your
bulking cycle, the place this compound will present you with
quick positive aspects, whereas the opposite injectable compounds in your cycle take a
while longer to kick in. It can be a strong mid-cycle compound the place you want to smash through a plateau
so your positive aspects don’t stagnate. Sustanon 250
comes with the identical unwanted effects and risks as all different forms of testosterone.

In addition, it can provide aid from joint pain by promoting collagen synthesis and enhancing bone mineralization.
Nandrolone phenpropionate also promotes muscle development and increases urge for
food, in addition to stimulating the manufacturing of red blood
cells. Some studies indicate that AAS abuse
could have detrimental results that persist lengthy after AAS abuse has ended or could even be everlasting.

A case-control study, comparing previous abusers with healthy controls,
showed significantly decrease testosterone and gonadotrophin ranges in past customers as much as three.7
years after stopping AAS (17). We and others (2, 18) have
reported on people with persistently symptomatic low testosterone ranges greater than 6 months after stopping anabolic steroids.
We noticed that people that had used a high cumulative
dose of anabolic steroids up to now appeared to be more prone to post-exposure hypogonadism; however, such an association was not discovered
in the aforementioned case-control study.

References:

PedsElite

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֔化�ɣ�א�굠�长�ǵĿ脊&# -- [未验证] Rocky (2025-11-01 07:29:58)

In basic, the long-term results of performance-enhancing medicine haven't been studied enough.
The anabolic steroids used by athletes are often forms
of testosterone made in a lab. In many cases, using the substance can nonetheless be detected in trace amounts of the remaining metabolites lengthy after the compound has exceeded its
energetic life within the body. So, whereas a steroid will no longer be offering you with any efficiency
benefits, it might nonetheless be detected in a drug test many weeks or even months
later.
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) appears to be the most effective drug, according to analysis (12) and our experience.
However, anti-estrogens are typically considered a gentle treatment for gynecomastia.

According to 2018 statistics, the common cost
of gynecomastia surgical procedure is $3,824 (13).
Gynecomastia is when breast tissue in males begins to
enlarge, leading to swollen nipples or the pectorals starting to type the shape of female breasts.
LDL cholesterol is a fatty, oily-like substance that adheres to the partitions
of the arteries, making it increasingly tough for blood to flow to important organs.
Consequently, this will enhance the chances of a heart attack
or an ischemic stroke. In our expertise, any anabolic steroid that causes a robust constructive response will also cause a adverse one
(typically in related measure).
Proviron is beneficial for longer cycles the place you want to scale
back estrogen issues, add some muscle definition, or help increase the libido.
It is even included as a PCT compound due to its minimal opposed effect on luteinizing and follicle-stimulating
hormones. The incontrovertible truth that oral steroids pass
by way of the liver results in the liver’s metabolism selling a faster metabolism of
the steroid – leading to a half-life of as quick as 4
hours for some oral compounds. Oral AAS again demonstrate unfavorable modifications, persistently increasing LDL-cholesterol (38,
118, 121, one hundred twenty five, 126). In the HAARLEM
examine, LDL-cholesterol elevated by 0.forty five mmol/L compared with baseline (46).
Thus AAS use should be strongly discouraged in those who develop polycythemia.

Nevertheless, you can choose steroids with the least side effects to minimize potential issues.
Using sure steroids and peptides that carry less risk may help guarantee a safer expertise.
When considering what's the most secure steroid, it’s essential to take a
look at each the potential advantages and the dangers.
Vigilance over bloodwork and overall health is presented
as a vital strategy to mitigate risks, offering a pathway
to a safer steroid experience.
If health outcomes are to improve, it is time that this hidden epidemic be uncovered.
Though gaining muscle and dropping fats may seem healthy, anabolic steroids have many
adverse well being results. These embrace infertility, shrunken testicles, sexual dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, and despair (Goldman et
al., 2019). Particularly with long-term use, anabolic steroids can severely harm one’s well
being.
There’s no use in utilizing sluggish injectable esters
that take weeks to level out effect whenever you solely run them for two months or
less. So, while this limits your steroid choices, there isn't any shortage of wonderful compounds.
However with the use of typically very suppressive compounds on these medium-length cycles, you can expect complete or close to
whole shutdown. Combining the primary and secondary
compounds into a normal cycle stack makes for a robust cycle.

Nonetheless, depending in your experience degree, you might contemplate stacking more compounds for more
important results. You must know concerning the properties of
every compound so you can determine what benefits (and downsides) each will deliver
to the cycle and the way completely different compounds can complement one another.
Let’s look closer at the three types of anabolic steroids that can help produce
the results for you in case your targets are to get jacked,
get ripped, get massive, and accomplish that quicker than you
could ever obtain without them.
Thus, there is not a lot profit in including
creatine to your Dianabol cycle. However, there are appreciable drawbacks, as it could amplify a few of the
unwanted effects experienced with Dianabol. Equally, for maximum results, ensure frequent
doses are taken throughout the day (every 2–4 hours).
Additionally, ensure absorption isn’t decreased by taking the pills with meals.
The solely other factor that might result in subcutaneous fat gain is if Dbol voor spiergroei beginners 4 weken users
undertake a calorie surplus food regimen to maximize
results when bulking.
Table 1 Results of injectable and 17α-alkylated AAS on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol efflux capability.

Classification of a aspect effects’ probability is predicated on skilled opinion of the authors.
The SMSNA periodically receives and publishes ‘guest editorials.’ The present article was submitted by Mia Barnes, a contract writer and
researcher who focuses on ladies's well being,
wellness, and wholesome residing. A good treatment program starts with serving to you withdraw safely, decreasing the risk of relapse.
If you're fighting deeper points, getting
off steroids is just the first step. Addressing these underlying points is key to
breaking free from habit for good. This can final from days to weeks,
and the way robust it's is determined by how much of the drug you had been taking and
the way typically you were taking it.
Approximately 3 to 4 million individuals within the Usa use anabolic
steroids for nonmedical purposes. Anabolic steroids promote muscle building and the event of male sexual traits, which is why
they may be medically prescribed to treat delayed puberty, hormonal issues, or muscle loss from certain diseases.
Whereas they're useful in these controlled medical remedies,
their misuse can result in extreme health problems. Users often take
doses a lot larger than medically recommended, main to various
side effects. People who misuse anabolic steroids often take them
orally, inject them into muscles, or apply them to the pores and skin as a gel or
cream. These doses could additionally be 10 to one hundred times larger than doses prescribed to deal with medical conditions.
As A Outcome Of of the nature of the opposed results of anabolic steroids, their use should
be restricted to instances the place the advantages clearly outweigh the risks.

They can be found as a tablet to be taken orally with or without food as quickly as a day or three
or 4 times a day. A variety of unwanted effects can occur when anabolic steroids are misused, starting from
mild results to ones which are dangerous and even life-threatening.
Antagonistic effects are very common in steroid users, with some affecting over
10% of users. Examples in male users embrace zits,
breast development (gynaecomastia), and erectile dysfunction.[1] Male users of steroids are additionally 2.four occasions more probably than non-users to be infertile.

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