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《长城与边界——明朝北疆边界意识及其前近代特征》

作　　者：赵现海
　　　　　赵现海，男，历史学博士，中国社会科学院历史研究所副研究员,从事明史与中国边疆史研究。中国社会科学院 历史研究所，北京 100732
出　　处：求是学刊 2014年4期
发表时间：2014-04-00
文　　摘：
与现代民族国家具有明确边界意识不同，中国古代边疆是一种动态变化的疆域而非固定不变的疆界。在洪武、永乐时期国力强盛之时，长城只是“内边疆”军事体系，与边界并无关系。但仁宣以后，伴随国力下降与防线内缩，边墙遂成为明朝、蒙古政权边界。在此之外，明朝尚设置界碑、边墩，将之定位为“军事边疆”，以作为边界防御之缓冲。但在明后期，伴随蒙古对明朝威胁加剧，明朝已在事实上丧失了对边墙以外的控制功能，这一局面在“隆庆和议”后进一步合法化。概而言之，对于长城与边界之关系，应从中国古代独特之边疆意识入手，考察其“前近代”特征与变化轨迹，而不应与当代边疆概念简单比附。
关 键 词：长城 政权边界 军事边疆 明代
正　　文：
关于中国古代长城与边界之关系，国内外学者具有不同的观点。西方学者对长城的研究，往往在“内亚”（Inner Asia）视野之下，将长城视为分隔中国内地与边疆的象征。中国学者则更为倾向于长城只是一种军事体系，而非固定边界。如唐晓峰对苏联学者瓦西 ……
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参考文献：
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[40] 〔朝鲜〕佚名：《朝天录》，燕行录全编第1辑第7册，桂林，广西师范大学出版社，2010年，第187页。
　　
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[43] [汉]班固撰，[唐]颜师古注《汉书》卷九四《匈奴传上》，北京，中华书局1962年标点本，第3762页。
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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Noel (2025-11-03 00:30:43)
sylvester stallone hgh

References:


how many mg of hgh per day (squareblogs.net)



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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Freda (2025-11-01 15:27:57)
The brand is constantly praised throughout reputable Australian bodybuilding forums, the place users rave about their experiences with the products.
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Although the variety of feminine AAS customers is significantly
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The most-researched (and targeted) picture and efficiency enhancing medication are steroids.
But different examples include clenbuterol (to lose weight) and melanotan II
(a tanning agent). Several population research have proven using image
and efficiency enhancing medicine in Australia is comparatively low.
However, the dramatic increase of steroids detected at the country’s borders, and the variety of users accessing
needle and syringe applications, appear to point otherwise.

These embrace provide and demand, brand popularity, and
authorized restrictions. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) [46] was used
to measure the psychological distress of participants.
Gadgets are added and total scores ranged from 10 to
50, with greater scores suggesting higher ranges of experienced distress.

Scores are classified as indicating a person who is more probably to be properly
(10–19) or experiencing a light (20–24) or extreme (30–50) psychological disorder [47].
The K10 has good internal consistency and predictive validity for Australian adolescent samples [36,48] in addition to in general samples
[46]. The McDonald’s Omega of this scale was discovered to be 0.934
within the current research.
So for athletes, utilizing SARMs also can result in a lengthy ban for
anti-doping rule violations. Yes, one of many side effects of
utilizing SARMs may be liver injury and liver
failure. Medical practitioners should adhere to strict tips and protocols when prescribing PEDs, making certain that these substances are used safely
and responsibly. These organizations work together
to implement legal guidelines and regulations surrounding PEDs, making
certain the safety and equity of sports activities in Victoria, Australia.
Whereas steroids usually are not banned in horses within the United States, they are not allowed in horses which are
competing in races; a delay of 60 days is a typical withdrawal period for horses that have been administered steroids.
Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum of Dubai, and races as many as 5000 horses in 12 nations
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It is crucial for patients to make use of these substances as prescribed and beneath the supervision of a medical skilled to keep away from potential side effects and
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You can begin to look shredded in as little as 30 days
with three capsules taken 45 minutes earlier than hitting
your power coaching routine. Properly, for all its perks, introducing synthetic testosterone into your body has its downsides.
The overabundance of testosterone in your blood leads to your testes producing
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lazy.
If you may be experiencing signs of low testosterone you should speak to your physician or
another medical skilled. They will have the power to speak
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your testosterone ranges and attempt to establish the trigger.
If the results are in the vary 6.9–11.1 nmol/L,
therapy may be thought-about if there are signs and indicators of androgen deficiency.

In Australia, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme subsidises testosterone (Box 4)
'on authority' for males with established pituitary or testicular disease.
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monitor your treatment. Dr Piatkowski stated oxandralone was typically favoured by feminine customers because
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References:


PedsElite



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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] John (2025-11-01 13:42:25)
Beginning with a low dose and gradually growing it is
usually really helpful to assess individual response and establish any potential unwanted
side effects early on. A common misconception is that higher doses at
all times equate to larger gains. Primobolan is doubtless considered one
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good chopping steroid with out water retention. Nevertheless, strong
androgenic unwanted side effects are attainable, and ladies are suggested to retain a low dose and brief duration of use of this steroid.

If you’re going to run a Primobolan cycle, try
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Clomid and Arimidex are your mates, so ensure you have enough before beginning this cycle.
For this combine, you won’t require a SERM, and you
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perhaps greater than another compound, especially if retaining the libido is essential
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should use a SERM if you’ve determined to use one.

However, this is not a critical requirement, so it comes down to your needs and preferences.

"Designer" steroids are sometimes obtainable to enable
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III controlled substance available only by prescription. The use of these medication is simply authorized when a medical skilled prescribes
them. Some AASs solely have medicinal makes use of, such as testosterone undecanoate (Nebido).
Oxymetholone (Anadrol) is an instance of a steroid with
both medicinal and performance makes use of. They are also
used for changing testosterone in men with low testosterone ranges.


Compounds include orals, Testosterone Prop, Trenbolone Acetate,
Masteron Prop, and NPP. Standard steroid cycles are sometimes the
start line for model new users but are also a staple in the strategy of skilled bodybuilders.
The results achieved over a 10–12-week standard cycle could be fantastic (provided you work onerous within the gym).


Each girl will have a special tolerance regarding how much adverse effect she is keen to
deal with. The most hardcore female bodybuilders will have
a excessive tolerance for extra extreme unwanted side effects and
may not even be overly bothered by this. However,
suppressing the development of male characteristics as much as attainable for
many other women might be a high precedence during the
cycle. This is the place getting the dosage proper could make all of the distinction, and so will minimizing cycle length.

Are you feminine and have NEVER used a single anabolic steroid in your life?

Since you have to use new sterile tools for each injection, you
can go through many items in an extended cycle. Shopping For in bulk will
save you cash and ensure you'll not have to worry about operating out and being tempted to reuse items, risking your well being.
3ml or 3cc, or 5ml/5cc are the most common syringe sizes or capacities.
Syringes are low-cost gadgets, and stocking up is simple, so
you've greater than enough to last a very lengthy time. Injecting steroids for
the very first time is a daunting task for simply about anyone who has done it.
Even probably the most seasoned pros can most likely suppose again to
their first injection.
Thus, the advantages, unwanted effects, and security
of anabolic steroids are extra completely understood over the quick and
long run in comparability with SARMs. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), also called anabolic steroids,
are artificial substances that mimic the consequences of the
male hormone testosterone. Anavar may be thought of the most
effective oral steroid for each high-quality muscle
positive aspects AND muscle retention while dieting.

Many guys attain straight for Dbol as a outcome of it’s cheap and quickly delivers vital features.
Fat loss is still prone to occur for ladies (unless your food
regimen may be very calorie-heavy). The fat loss mixed with lean features can outcome in an overall gain in physique weight, however importantly, it shouldn’t be water
weight, and the features should be all muscle. Enhanced muscular definition is
feasible after a single Anavar cycle for ladies,
even at lower doses of 10mg.
People will all the time discover other ways of doing
something; this is only one person’s opinion. So please use this information as a information and inspiration for
creating your cycles and strategies, however don’t take it as the ultimate
word that you need to stick with one hundred pc. The metabolites of a steroid will
be detected in urine testing (urinalysis), essentially the most broadly
used type of drug testing. Metabolites are what stay of the steroid after
the process of metabolism, the place the steroid’s authentic chemical construction breaks down into smaller molecules.
This ranges from injecting into the mistaken spot or too usually in the same spot, causing pain,
irritation, or an infection, to rather more critical issues like accidentally injecting right into
a vein and placing your life in danger. NPP (Nandrolone phenylpropionate) is
Deca-Durabolin with a brief ester, so that you get much the identical
results as Deca, however they come on faster. You may also discover peptides useful for
PCT due to their results on performance and providing
some anti-catabolic protection with out the unfavorable impact on recovering your HPTA performance.



References:


PedsElite



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֔Ж?????�?ȓ벟?硪??ķ??北?& -- [未验证] Trisha (2025-11-01 12:22:55)
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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Ona (2025-11-01 09:42:33)
Steroids play a task in optimizing the nutrient pathways of the body
by successfully shuttling vitamins to muscular tissues which are giving the sign that protein synthesis
is being initiated21. So all those high quality carbohydrates,
wholesome fat, protein, nutritional vitamins, and minerals
are making their way to the hgh muscle growth research tissue faster and more
considerably than if you were not using steroids.

AAS dependancy is usually thought of to be a psychic habit,
but the withdrawal results that happen when AAS use stops clearly point out a component of physical habit as
properly. A Number Of studies have shown that the withdrawal signs embody depression,
fatigue, paranoia, and suicidal ideas and emotions.
The psychoactive results, withdrawal signs, and underlying biological mechanisms of AASs look like much
like the mechanisms and problems that accompany cocaine, alcohol, or opioid abuse.
The matter of drug abuse of any kind could be very complex and often troublesome to assess precisely and
objectively.
The prescription testosterone market within the United States is substantial and
rising, with greater than 5 million prescriptions written yearly and an estimated $1 billion in gross sales.
During therapy with anabolic steroids, clinicians ought to periodically get hold
of the affected person's lipid profile, hepatic operate checks,
hemoglobin, hematocrit (at three to six months, then every year),
PSA, and testosterone ranges. Sufferers on testosterone ought to be monitored for their response to therapy and
adverse effects three to 6 months after initiation of remedy and then every
year, particularly for cardiac opposed occasions.
Girls treated with testosterone for breast cancer
require monitoring for signs of virilization. The scientific name for this class of drugs is
anabolic-androgenic steroids.
With Out the worry about water retention, Masteron makes for a wonderful chopping steroid with the power
to harden the physique. Doses are efficient, starting at 50mg each two days, with the potential to rise to 200mg each two
days. Normally, you’d want to dose this compound at less
than your dosage of the first testosterone compound.

If you’re going to run a Deca cycle, try my in-depth Deca-Durabolin (Nandrolone) cycle
guide. It is just like Deca-Durabolin however is a short ester with relatively mild unwanted side effects.
NPP is superb for a cutting cycle as it comes with little water retention, with the
bonus of providing joint help. Dbol may be very efficient in bulking cycles for gaining mass
throughout short intervals.
Testosterone is androgenic; thus, we generally observe
prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate), acne vulgaris,
and male pattern baldness in sufferers. Amongst beginner weightlifters, a
testosterone-only cycle is the standard protocol. This is as a result of of
testosterone producing substantial muscle and strength features whereas causing less cardiotoxicity than other steroids.
ATLAS-trained athletes had much less interest in attempting
steroids, much less want to misuse them, higher data
of options to steroid use, improved physique image,
and increased information of food regimen supplements.
These Days, except you're prescribed testosterone (often as
testosterone substitute therapy), steroids are
illegal to buy and promote. If you compete in sports, detection of steroids means an extended ban from
competition.
The addition of esters, that are shaped from an alcohol and an acid when water is removed, was one
methodology used to chemically alter the testosterone molecule.
Some of these testosterone esters proved to be useful for treating protein deficiency in each humans and in horses.
Nearly 60 years later, these similar testosterone esters are one of many chief medication that athletes use.

This means that pubertal steroid publicity may produce long-lasting
structural modifications in certain brain areas 148.
Anabolic steroid customers are sometimes utilized by athletes in any respect levels in sports activities similar to bodybuilding, weightlifting, baseball, soccer, biking, wrestling,
and plenty of others to enhance their performance. Typically, it's males of their
mid to late 30’s who use anabolic steroids non-medically probably the
most eleven.
Being familiar with the mandatory supplies and numerous terminology relating to using them
will give you the confidence you want to proceed with injecting.
Far too many individuals make mistakes that can put
them off injecting endlessly. But when you get
it right out of your first attempt, you’ll be well
in your method to becoming a confident steroid injector,
and this opens many extra doors regarding which steroid compounds you’ll really feel confident using sooner or later.
Injecting might sound easy at first, however there’s a lot you should
know and think about earlier than giving it a go. The above examples are a
guide only, and users are inspired to formulate their
cycle plan, together with modifying dosages and the cycle size within their
consolation limits.
Sustanon 250 is a well-liked synthetic testosterone androgen-anabolic steroid often medically used as an injection to deal
with the problem of low testosterone in males. There are four testosterone
ester compounds in Sustanon 250 (Propionate, Phenylpropionate, Isocaproate,
and Decanoate), and all these lively substances turn out to be testosterone once in the physique as
soon as Sustanon 250 is injected. Anavar comes with potential toxicity issues to the liver, but a medium-length
cycle must be manageable for many wholesome guys.
There’s some flexibility in Anavar dosing, with some guys using as low as 30mg day by
day and going as a lot as 100mg in more hardcore cycles. Anavar will assist
you to preserve positive aspects and work as a
compound to keep your progress steady with out delivering large outcomes.


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֔Ж?????�?ȓ벟?硪??ķ??北?& -- [未验证] Gidget (2025-10-30 20:51:00)

Раменбет — игровая кухня с фирменной подачей, где каждый спин
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Кэшбек — как соус, который усиливает результат, а
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Выигрыши, которые подаются горячими.




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֔Ж?????�?ȓ벟?硪??ķ??北?& -- [未验证] Wilfredo (2025-10-29 06:28:15)
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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Sang (2025-10-29 02:35:14)
It can nonetheless ship some nice clear features in mass and positive aspects that
include fewer of the issues of steroids with higher estrogenic results like
fluid retention. It is what's trenbolone enanthate essential
to follow the beneficial dosage for Check Deca Dianabol cycle.
A typical cycle lasts for 12 weeks and the recommended dosage is 500mg of
testosterone per week, 400mg of Deca Durabolin per week,
and 30mg of Dianabol per day. It is important to consult a doctor earlier
than starting any steroid cycle to make sure it is secure for
your body. Experienced users would possibly opt for higher dosages, but it's essential to weigh
the potential advantages towards the increased risk
of unwanted facet effects. It's also necessary to do not neglect that
the standard of the compounds used can significantly affect their efficacy and safety.

It requires warning, as testosterone can improve the danger of atrial fibrillation. In medical analysis, we see
that males over 65 receiving testosterone may experience
worsened cardiac well being in the short term. Nonetheless, long-term use improves cardiac outcomes and reduces the probability of mortality (9).

Schwarzenegger’s journey was far from straightforward, however his monumental success elucidates the potential that disciplined adherence to coaching,
diet, and steroid utilization can unleash. Speedy muscle recovery is a side of the muscle-building
narrative usually solid into the shadows. Intense training periods lead to
minuscule muscle tissue tears that end in irritation and soreness.
It moderates this inflammatory response and expedites the recuperation process, enhancing the general effectivity and productiveness of every coaching session. Failure to implement an efficient post-cycle therapy can also trigger long-term testosterone deficiency,
negatively affecting a man's well-being, libido, and fertility.
Harsher steroid mixtures than the above can cause even larger
ranges of toxicity in our expertise.
Nonetheless, if you’re one of many unfortunate few you can take to regulate estrogen levels and take away this temporary accumulation of breast tissue.

Throw into the equation all of the muscle and power you’ll
be gaining…lets just say your brain isn’t
going to be wanting dopamine. Nonetheless, somebody who’s already taken dbol
or other steroids up to now and is now not a novice – would
possibly up the dosage to 70-80mg. Dianabol was massively successful,
giving the U.S Olympic team superiority over the Soviet Union. Since then, athletes
have used dianabol in almost every sport in existence.
Some girls can use this steroid at very low doses, but there
are undoubtedly other far more suitable compounds for females that don’t cause such pronounced androgenic effects.

Nevertheless, bodybuilders didn’t take long to catch on to Dianabol’s benefits.
This led to Dbol becoming a well-liked steroid for bodybuilders of the "golden era" all through the Nineteen Seventies,
due to its ability to rapidly promote massive gains
in muscle.
We have seen first-time users of Dianabol acquire as much as 30 pounds in weight,
combined with energy gains of fifty kilos or greater on compound lifts.
Anavar is a light compound, thus it’s uncommon for customers to note any major unwanted effects (when utilized in average doses
for brief intervals of time). Hey y’all I’m looking at running a
cycle of Test Cyp and NPP with an oral of Dbol. Here’s how I plan to set up my third cycle and I want
your suggestions. This shall be my first big bulking cycle with running 3 compounds and doing anything above TRT.

TUDCA is obligatory to assist your liver during the strain – 500mg
a day will be required.
That will provide your body enough time to rebuild your testosterone
levels. It is extremely important to understand that
a steroid cycle is not going to work in isolation. Except you
are also Understanding Steroid Cycles Duration Risks Recommendations very onerous and consuming according
to your aim, you will not obtain your goal, no
matter how many steroids you are taking.
Controlling your estrogen with an AI like Aromasin shall be crucial.

Deca does have an inclination to be estrogenic
and increase prolactin (why we've the term "Deca-Dick") so ensuring
you handle those two is crucial. Chromium to make you extra insulin sensitive, Carnitine to assist your metabolism, and varied others to assist your fats loss endeavors.
Take A Look At Propionate has been known to provide you a dryer look compared
to Cypionate or Enanthate. Really, this doesn’t maintain any
scientific backing as all of them convert to estrogen. However, ask any bodybuilder which one they use in a cutting part and the answer undeniably is Propionate.

You will find that lots of bodybuilders will comply with two months on, one-month off-cycle pattern.


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